INTRODUCTION TO

INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
OBJECTIVES:
 Define ICT;
 Trace the evolution of technology, particularly computers;
 Identify the different parts of the computer system, and categorize the
different computer peripherals;
 Assess why computers are considered powerful thinking machines;
 Explain the role of technology in media and how it affects communication;
and
 Recognize the current trends in the information technology
 KEY TERMS
 ACM  Artificial  Compact Disc  Input Device  Plagiarism
Intelligence  Computer  Intelligent  Software Piracy
 ENIAC
 Automation System
 ICT  Desktop  Storage
 Big Data Computer  Libel
 IDI  Super Computer
 Blog  Exploitation  Mainframe
 IT  System Unit
 Blogger  Hard Disc  Media  Technology
 ITU
 Communication  Information  Minicomputer  Trend
 USB
 Communication  Information Age  Modem  USB flash drive
Device  ICT  Motherboard  User
 IT  Output Device  Work Station
TECHNOLOGY
 The term technology presently includes
advancements in communication and how
information is handled, thus enabling
governments, organizations, industries, business
processes, and everyday living.
INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
 Defined by ZUPPO (2012)
 As “ related to technologies that facilitate the
transfer of information and various types of
electronically mediated communication.
How ever, this definition is to broad that ZUPPO
created an ICT hierarchy to identify key aspects
such as ICT in education, business and economic
sector.
 IT versus ICT
 IT – is often used in a more general use, and is
describe as using computers and other
technologies to assist individuals or institutions
in handling or using information.
 ICT is technology that supports activities
involving information such as gathering,
processing, storing, and presenting data.
 IT
 Pertains to the industry that involves
computers, software, networking, and other IT
infrastructure to help relay or manage
information important in modern-day living as
seen primarily in large companies or
corporations.
BREAKDOWN
OF ICT
ICT IS – INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION,
AND TECHNOLOGY
 Information – refers to the knowledge
obtained from reading, investigation, study, or
research.
 Some of the tools that transmit information are
the telephone, television, and radio
 Not to be confused with data, information is
regarded as processed data.
 Computer normally process data that are later
understood as information.
Information is needed to makes decisions
and foresee the future.
Processed information is called
Knowledge.
Knowledge helps fulfill daily tasks.
COMMUNICATION
 Communication is an act of transmitting
messages.
 It is a process in which information is exchange
between individuals through verbal and non-
verbal means.
 Forms of communications have evolved
through time as communicating more and
more complex ideas become necessary.
TECHNOLOGY
 Technology has evolved in ways that improve
people’s daily activities.
 As mentioned, technology has made
communication much easier and faster
through telephones, fax machines, mobile
devices, and the internet.
EVOLUTION OF
TECHNOLOGY
 The concept of technology always starts with
the basic tools.
 In order to build a house, one cannot simply
use his or her own two hands to cut wood and
attach the wooden pieces together.
• Hacksaw
• Hammer
• Set of nails are needed to accomplish tasks.
COMPUTER
 Computer is an electronic device, operating

under the control of instructions stored in its

own memory, that can accept data,
manipulate the data according to specified
rules, produce results, and store the results for
future use.
AUTOMATION
 Is defined as “the technique of making an
apparatus, a process, or a system operate
automatically.”
 Automation includes a broad range of
technologies normally connecting computer
systems to other systems, such as sensors
wireless applications, expert systems, and
systems integration, among others.
INTELLIGENT SYSTEM
 An automated system is not the same as
INTELLIGENT SYSTEM.
 INTELLIGENT SYSTEM are far more complex
and capable of learning.
 This is where the concept of artificial
intelligence comes in.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
 Computers have evolved based on the type

of components and used in the design.

 At present, scientist and researchers have

identified five generations of computers

based on design, suitability, and reliability.
 FIRST-GENERATION
COMPUTER (1946-1959)
 ELECTRONIC NUMERIC INTEGRATOR
AND CALCULATOR (ENIAC)
 First electronic computer
 Develop in 1946 – University of
Pennsylvania financed by the US Army
 J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly
 Modular computer composed of
several panels capable of performing
different functions.
 167 square meters in size and weighed
27 tons.
SECOND-GENERATION
COMPUTER (1959-65)
 Transistor was used as an
interior sections of computer.
 Transistor were very much
smaller, faster, and more
dependable than the vacuum
tubes of the first generation
computer.
 They generated less heat and
consumed less electricity but
were still very costly.
THIRD-GENERATION
COMPUTER (1965-71)
 JACK KILBY invented the
integrated circuit (IC) that was
used instead of transistors as
the interior sections to build the
computer.
 A single IC has many transistors,
resistors, and capacitors that
even the full circuit board
transistor can be replaced
entirely with one chip.
 This chip made computers,
smaller, unfailing, and effective.
FOURTH-GENERATION
COMPUTER (1971-80)
 Very Large Scale
Integrated (VLSI) circuits
were used to build
computers.
 This circuits have about
5000 transistors and other
circuit elements with their
connected circuits on a
single chip known as
Microprocessor.
FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTER
(1980-ONWARDS
 The VLSI technology has evolved
into what is called “Ultra
Large-Scale Integration
(ULSI) Technology.
 This generation involves
computer intelligence which is
associated with artificial
intelligence (AI), natural
language, and expert systems
that interpret the means and
practices of producing
computers that think like human
beings.
COMPONENTS OF A
COMPUTER
The Hardware pertains to the computer’s
physical devices.
It is any part of the computer that can be
seen and touched.
A computer’s hardware consists of
interrelated electronic devices that are used
to manipulate the computer’s operation,
input devices, and output devices.
INPUT DEVICES
Input devices enter or send data and
instructions from the user or from another
computer system on the internet while
output devices send back administered
data to the user or to another computer
system.
 MOST COMMON AND IMPORTANT
INPUT DEVICES OF A COMPUTER
Keyboard – the most common input
device that accepts letters, numbers, and
commands from the user.
Mouse – a mouse is used by moving it on
a flat surface, pressing its two buttons
(left & right), and scrolling the wheel that
is located between the buttons.
Alternative to using mouse.
a. A TRACKBALL has a ball that can rotate using a
finger or the palm of a hand to move the pointer.
b. A TOUCHPAD is a touch sensitive pad that lets the
user move the pointer by touching and dragging
his or her finger on the pad.
 Microphone – allows user to speak into the
computer to input data and instructions.
 Scanner – converts printed to material into a
form the computer can use.
a. Flatbed scanner
b. Portable scanners
Digital Camera – allows one to take
picture then transfer the photographed
images to the computer or printer instead
of storing the images on a traditional film.
PC Video Camera – is a digital video
camera that enables users to created
movie or take still photographs
electronically.
OUTPUT DEVICES
 Printer – produce text and graphics on a
physical medium such as paper.
Two Types of Printer
1. Impact Printer – makes contact with the
paper by pressing the inked ribbon against
the paper using a hammer or pins.
2. Non-Impact – don’t use striking device to
produce characters on the paper.
 Monitor – displays text, graphics and videos
on a screen.
Three Types of Monitor
1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – is a vacuum tube
containing an electron gun at one end and a
fluorescent at another end.
2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) – a flat panel
display that consist of a layer of color or
monochrome pixels arranged schematically
between a couple of transparent electrodes
and two polarizing filters.
3. Light-Emitting Diode (LED) flat
display that uses light emitting diode for
backlighting. This type of monitors are
said to use much lesser power than the
2 others & environmentally friendly.

 Speaker – allows one to hear music,

voice, and other sounds.
SYSTEM UNIT
System unit is the enclosure composed of
the main elements of a computer that are
used to administer data.
This can be referred to as computer case or
tower.
The circuitry of the system unit containing
the primary components into which other
circuit boards can be positioned is
recognized as motherboard.
STORAGE DEVICES
 Flash Disk Drives
 Hard Disk Drive – regarded as a non-volatile
memory which permanently stores and
retrieve data.
 Compact Disc – CD-ROM & DVD-ROM
CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS
 Personal computer – is a small, single
user computer based on a
microprocessor.
 Workstation – is a powerful, single-user
computer, it is like a PC but it has a
powerful microprocessor.
 Minicomputer – is a multi-user
computer capable of supporting from 10
to hundreds of users simultaneously.
Mainframe – is a powerful multi-user
computer capable of supporting hundreds
or thousands of users simultaneously.
 Supercomputer – is an extremely fast
computer that can perform millions of
instructions per second.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
COMPUTERS
1. Desktop Computers – designed to be
placed on a desk.
2. Laptop Computers – battery powered
computer device whose portability make
them possible to use almost anytime and
anywhere.
3. Tablets Computers – are hand-held
computers with touch sensitive screen.
4. Smartphones – hand-held telephones
which can do things computer can do.
5. Wearables – include fitness trackers,
and smartwatches that can be worn
throughout the day.
6. Smart TVs – are the latest television
sets that include application present in
computers.
 DIGITAL AGE,
INFORMATION
AGE, AND
COMPUTER AGE
MEDIA IN THE DIGITAL AGE
 Media refers normally to the means of
communication that uses unique tools to
interconnect among people.
 Television, Radio, Cellular Phones, and Internet.
 Which involves various social media sites like FB
and etc.
 In the digital age, however, media can be
considered as the message, the medium and the
messenger.
THE MESSAGE
 Media is considered to be the message itself
for those who create and own the rights of
content.
 The forms of content can be user-generated or
professionally-produced.
 User-generated content (UGC) is a form of
content created and owned by the users of the
system
MEDIA AS A CREATIVE CONTENT
*BLOG
Blog is a combination of two words – web
and log.
It works the same way as pen and paper
would but privacy becomes irrelevant given
that a blog post can be seen by anyone
online.
A person who writes blog is called blogger.
THE MEDIUM
The Medium refers to the tool or
tools used in sending a message
from the source to the
destination.
THE MESSENGER
 The messenger is the one who
delivers the message.
 This is why broadcasters, for
example, being the messenger of the
news are called “media.”
EVOLUTION OF
MEDIA
MEDIA TRANSFORMED ITSELF BASED
ON TWO THINGS
1. How information is presented
2. How the connection is established
 15th Century – wood printing on cloth or on paper
was used
 It was in 1436 when Johannes Gutenberg started
working on a printing press.
 Now, the modern printing press delivers messages
in print, such as newspaper, textbooks, and
magazines.
 Telegraph – 1800s was developed
 Telephone – followed by the telephone which made
the two communication possible.
 At the beginning of 1900s, broadcasting and
recording media were introduced.
 Radio and televisions were used to send sound
and video to homes and offices through
electromagnetic spectrum or radio waves.
 Audio or video content can be received depending
on the frequency used.
 Later on, a combination of both audio and video
information made the audience’s viewing
experience more exciting.
 Films and movies became popular as they catered
to larger audiences.
 As communication devices also evolve and
became pervasive, so did information
distribution.
 A photo taken using a smartphone can
immediately be uploaded and shared on FB,
Twitter, and other social media sites.
 Community websites like Lazada, Shopee,
Zalora etc let its users buy and sell items
online
OVERVIEW OF CURRENT
TRENDS
 Trend – refers to something hip or popular at a
certain point in time.
 It can be a particular style in fashion, devices,
or entertainment.
 A new trend may always come along to replace
the old one.
 Technology trends tend to change as time goes
by.
 Following Moore’s Law, technology is bound to
upgrade itself every two years.
 In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the
computing power would dramatically increased
over time.
 But as it increases, cost is expected to
proportionally go down.
 SEVEN MAJOR
TRENDS IN 2017
(Article from Forbes.com, DeMers 2016)
1. IoT and smart home
technology
The so called Internet of Things (IoT) has
been trending since 2016.
The vision of IoT has evolved due to the
convergence of multiple technologies,
including pervasive wireless communication,
data analytics, machine learning, and use of
hardware technology such as sensors,
microprocessors, and microcontrollers.
2. Augmented Reality And
Virtual Reality
 In 2016, the release of games such as
Pokémon Go and the anticipated VR
headset, Oculus Rift, serve as a turning
point for AR and VR technology.
3. Machine Learning

 Also called Artificial Intelligence, having

machines decide for you seems to be a
daunting task and would probably make
you think of robots and talking
computers, similar to Iron Man’s Jarvis.
4. AUTOMATION
 Through advanced technology, it is now
possible to automate previously human-
exclusive tasks.
 This much very evident through wearable
device such as step counters, and hearth
rate monitors used by health conscious
individuals.
5. BIG DATA
 Is a term that describes large complex
volumes of data.
 But it is not how much data an
organization has it is what they do with it
that matters.
6. PHYSICAL-DIGITAL
INTEGRATION
 Majority of organizations nowadays are moving
towards a system automation.
 As such, they identify their physical elements
and create digital data for more efficient
operation and back-up.
7. EVERYTHING ON DEMAND
 Due to prevalence of network connectivity, it is
possible to have information on demand.
 IMPACT OF ICT ON
Individuals, Organizations,
and
Positive Effects
Society
 Improves access to education – the use of
LMS, distant learning and online tutorial,
virtual reality and interactive multi-media.
 Access to information and
communication. The internet is widely used
in communications, access is getting better
and better specially the use of social media
sites
 Security. – With the advancement of ICT brings,
individuals, and organizations can solve any
security problems.
Examples of security measures.
 The use of encryption methods to keep and data
from malicious software.
 The use of password.
 Development of physical security system like
biometrics in a form of fingerprint, facial
recognition, eye and voice recognition.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
 Reduced personal interaction and physical
activity
 Job loss or increase in unemployment
 Security. Computers should be protected from
various forms of viruses and malware
ETHICAL ISSUES IN ICT
1. Plagiarism. It is an act of theft in which a
person copies another person’s ideas, words,
or writings, etc. and pass them off as his or
her own.
2. Exploitation. It is an action in which one
deals with a person dishonesty, unethically,
and dishonorably, in order to take advantage
of the latter’s work and /or resources.
3. Libel. It can be an insult, slur, or slander.
Either written or spoken or even through
actions, it may lead to libel if the accusation
is not true and without any piece of evidence.

Software Piracy. It refers to an act of

installing or copying a software to a computer in
the absence of an end-user licensing
agreements (EULA), and /or producing a copy
disregarding the copyrights.
THANK YOU!