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Lesson 3 Direct Proof

This lesson focuses on the concept of direct proof in mathematics, teaching learners how to define and construct proofs using logical arguments. It covers various formats of proofs, including two-column and paragraph proofs, and emphasizes the importance of supporting statements with facts and definitions. The lesson also includes practice examples and essential questions to deepen understanding of the limitations and necessity of direct proofs.

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lucasdimalanta8
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3 views

Lesson 3 Direct Proof

This lesson focuses on the concept of direct proof in mathematics, teaching learners how to define and construct proofs using logical arguments. It covers various formats of proofs, including two-column and paragraph proofs, and emphasizes the importance of supporting statements with facts and definitions. The lesson also includes practice examples and essential questions to deepen understanding of the limitations and necessity of direct proofs.

Uploaded by

lucasdimalanta8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 9.

Direct Proof
Learning Competency

At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able


to write a proof (both direct and indirect) (M8G3-Iii-
j-1).
Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learners should be


able to do the following:

● Properly define a proof.

● Correctly prove statements using direct proof.

● Correctly present a proof using the two-column


format.
In everyday situations, people ask for proof to help convince
them that something is true.
This can especially be seen in courts where the judges need
solid proof to determine whether someone is guilty or not.
To convince judges, lawyers need to present both evidence
and a clear sequence of logical statements explaining these.

In this lesson, you will learn about proving statements


logically and apply this to mathematical situations.
Essential Questions

● What are the limitations of a direct proof?

● Why is a direct proof necessary in mathematics?


Learn about It!

Proof
This is a logical argument that establishes the truth of a
statement. Each statement in a proof is supported by
facts, properties, theorems, postulates, or definitions.
Learn about It!

Proof
Example:
You were told that it is raining outside. Upon looking at
the window, you notice that raindrops are falling down
the window glass outside. The proof that it is raining is
the raindrops on the window.
Learn about It!

Two-Column Proof
This proof consists of numbered statements and
reasons that show the logical order of an argument

Example:
Show that if is odd, then is also odd.
Learn about It!

Statement Reason
1 is odd. Given
2 for some integer . Definition of an odd number
If two expressions are equal, then
3
their squares are also equal.
4 Square of a binomial
5 Factoring
, where is an integer since is Substitution Property of Equality
6
an integer.
7 is odd. Definition of an odd number
Learn about It!

Paragraph Proof
This proof uses sentences to prove a statement

Example:
Show that if is odd, then is also odd.
Learn about It!

Paragraph Proof
Example:
Since is odd, for some integer .
Then .
It follows that , where is an integer since is an integer.

Thus, by the definition of an odd number, is odd.


Learn about It!

Direct Proof
This is a form of proof that consists of a sequence of
statements that are either given or deduced from
previous statements and whose last statement is the
conclusion to be proven
Learn about It!

Direct Proof
Example:
The two-column proof and paragraph proof from the
previous slides are examples of direct proof.
Try
Let’s
it!Practice

Example 1: Given that show that .


Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Given that show that .


Solution:

Statements Reasons
1 Given
2 Addition Property
of Equality
3 From Statement 2
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 1: Given that show that .


Solution:

Statements Reasons
4 Multiplication
Property of
Equality
5 From Statement 4
Try
Let’s
it!Practice

Example 2: Prove that the sum of two even numbers is


an even number.
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Prove that the sum of two even numbers is


an even number.
Solution:
Statements Reasons
1 and are even numbers Given
2 and , where and are any two Definition of even
integers numbers
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Prove that the sum of two even numbers is


an even number.
Solution:
Statements Reasons
3 Addition Property
of Equality
4 Substitution
Solution to Let’s Practice

Example 2: Prove that the sum of two even numbers is


an even number.
Solution:
Statements Reasons
5 From factoring
statement 4
6 is an even number Definition of even
numbers
Try It!

Individual Practice:
1. Prove that the sum of any two consecutive
integers is odd.

2. If is the midpoint of , show that is half of .


Try It!

Group Practice: To be done in groups of five.

Given that is a right angle and , show that and are


complementary angles.
Key Points

● A proof is a logical argument that establishes the


truth of a statement. Each statement in a proof is
supported by facts, properties, theorems, postulates,
or definitions.

● A two-column proof consists of numbered


statements and reasons that show the logical order of
an argument.
Key Points

● A paragraph proof uses sentences to prove a


statement.

● A direct proof is a form of proof that consists of a


sequence of statements that are either given or
deduced from previous statements and whose last
statement is the conclusion to be proven.
Photo Credits

Fig. 1. Supreme Court in UP Compound, Ermita, Manila by Patrickroque01 is licensed under


CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
Bibliography

“Reflexive, Symmetric, Transitive, and Substitution Properties.” Varsity Tutors. Accessed June 5,
2019. https://bit.ly/31axmB9.

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