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Vector

The document provides an overview of vector algebra, defining vectors as quantities with both magnitude and direction. It covers key concepts such as position vectors, types of vectors, vector addition, multiplication by scalars, and the dot and cross products of vectors. Additionally, it explains properties of vector operations and introduces the components of vectors and section formula for dividing line segments.

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akkabhi47
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4 views

Vector

The document provides an overview of vector algebra, defining vectors as quantities with both magnitude and direction. It covers key concepts such as position vectors, types of vectors, vector addition, multiplication by scalars, and the dot and cross products of vectors. Additionally, it explains properties of vector operations and introduces the components of vectors and section formula for dividing line segments.

Uploaded by

akkabhi47
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VECTOR

ALGEBRA
ABHINAND K K
XII A
INTRODUCTIO
N

A quantity that has magnitude as well as direction is called a vector. A


directed line segment is a vector. A point A from where the vector AB starts is
called initial point and the point B where it ends is called terminal point. The
distance between initial and terminal point is called magnitude of vector AB.
POSITION VECTORS AND
DIRECTION COSINES
• The position vector is given with respect to the origin O (0,0,0), where the
coordinate of point (say P) is P(x,y,z) is given as-
Vector OP = (x² + y² + z²)½

• If α, β and γ are the angles which a directed line segment OP makes with the
positive directions of the coordinate axes OX, OY and OZ respectively, then
cos α, cos β and cos γ are known as the direction cosines of OP and are
generally denoted by the letters l, m and n respectively.
TYPES OF
VECTORS
1. Zero Vector : a vector whose initial and terminal points coincide. It may be
regarded as having any direction.
2. Unit Vector : a vector whose magnitude is unity.
3. Co-initial Vectors : two or more vectors having same initial point.
4. Collinear Vectors : two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are
parallel to the sam e line irrespective of their m agnitude or direction.
5. Equal Vectors : two vectors A and B are said to be equal if they have same
magnitude and direction regardless of the their initial points.
6. Negative of a vector : a vector whose magnitude is same as that of a
given vector but direction is opposite to that of it.
ADDITION OF
• Triangle law ofVECTORS
vector addition: If two vectors are represented along two
sides of a triangle taken in order, then their resultant is represented by
the third side taken in opposite direction, i.e. in ∆ABC, by triangle law of
vector addition, we have BC ⃗
+ CA ⃗ = BA ⃗. The vector sum of three sides of a triangle taken in order
is 0.

• Parallelogram law of vector addition: If two vectors are


represented along the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram,

If the sides OA and OC of parallelogram OABC represent OA ⃗


then their resultant is represented by the diagonal of the sides.

and OC ⃗ respectively, then we get,


O A ⃗ + OC ⃗ = OB ⃗
PROPERTIES OF
VECTOR ADDITION
• Commutative: For vectors a⃗ and b⃗ , we have a⃗ +b⃗ =b⃗ +a⃗
• Associative: For vectors a⃗ , b⃗ and c⃗ , we have a⃗ +(b⃗ +c⃗ )=(a⃗ +b⃗ )+c⃗
Note: The associative property of vector addition enables us to write the
sum of three vectors a⃗ , b⃗ and c⃗ as a⃗ +b⃗ +c⃗ without using brackets.
• Additive identity: For any vector a⃗ , a zero vector 0⃗ is its additive identity
as a⃗ +0⃗ =a⃗
• Additive inverse: For a vector a⃗ , a negative vector of a⃗ is its
additive inverse as a⃗ +(−a ⃗)= 0
MULTIPLICATION OF A
VECTOR BY A SCALAR
Let a⃗ be a given vector and λ be a scalar, then multiplication of vector a⃗ by
scalar λ, denoted as λ a⃗ , is also a vector, collinear to the vector a⃗ whose
magnitude is |λ| times that of vector a⃗ and direction is same as a⃗ , if λ
> 0, opposite of a⃗ , if λ < 0 and zero vector, if λ = 0.
N ote: For any scalar λ, λ . 0⃗ = 0⃗ .

PROPERTIES
For vectors a⃗ , b⃗ and scalars p, q, we have
(i) p(a⃗ + a⃗ ) = p a⃗ + p a⃗
(ii) (p + q) a⃗ = p a⃗ + q a⃗
(iii) p(q a⃗ ) = (pq) a⃗
Note: To prove a⃗ is parallel to b⃗ , we need to show that a⃗ = λ a⃗ , where λ is a
scalar.
COMPONENTS OF A
VECTOR
Let the position vector of P with reference to O is OP→=r⃗ =xi^+yj^+zk^, this
form of any vector is-called its component form. Here, x, y and z are called
the scalar components
of r⃗ and xi^, yj^ and zk^ are called the vector com ponents of r⃗ along the
respective axes.
VECTOR JOINING TWO
POINTS
If P (x , y , z ) and P (x , y , z ) are any two points, then the vector joining P
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1
and P 2 is the vector P1P2→
SECTION
FORMULA
Position vector OR→ of point R, which divides the line segment joining the
points A and B with position vectors a⃗ and b⃗ respectively, internally in the
ratio m : n is given by

For external
division,
DOT PRODUCT OF TWO
VECTORS

product denoted by a⃗ . b⃗ is given by a⃗ ⋅b⃗ =|a⃗ |∣∣b⃗ ∣∣cosθ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ π.


If θ is the angle between two vectors a⃗ and b⃗ , then the scalar or dot

(i) a⃗ ⋅b⃗ is a real number


Note:

(ii) If either a⃗ =0⃗ or b⃗ =0⃗ , then θ is not defined.


CROSS PRODUCT OF TWO
VECTORS
If θ is the angle between two non-zero, non-parallel vectors a⃗ and b⃗ , then the cross
product of vectors, denoted by a⃗ ×b⃗ is given by

where, n^ is a unit vector perpendicular to both a⃗ and b⃗ , such that a⃗ , b⃗ and


n^ form a right handed system.

(i) a⃗ × b⃗ is a vector quantity, whose magnitude is ∣a⃗ × b⃗∣ = |a⃗| |b⃗|sinθ


Note

(ii) If either a⃗ = 0⃗ or b⃗ = 0⃗ , then θ is not defined.

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