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Modern axiomatic system

This document introduces the axiomatic system in geometry, defining key concepts such as undefined terms (point, line, plane), postulates, and theorems. It outlines the foundational elements of geometry, including the properties of points, lines, and planes, as well as several critical postulates and theorems that govern geometric relationships. The document serves as a foundational overview for understanding plane and solid geometry.

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Christine Rose Montenegro
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
796 views

Modern axiomatic system

This document introduces the axiomatic system in geometry, defining key concepts such as undefined terms (point, line, plane), postulates, and theorems. It outlines the foundational elements of geometry, including the properties of points, lines, and planes, as well as several critical postulates and theorems that govern geometric relationships. The document serves as a foundational overview for understanding plane and solid geometry.

Uploaded by

Christine Rose Montenegro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

MODERN
AXIOMATIC
SYSTEM
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

AXIOMATIC
An axiomatic SYSTEM
system is a logical system which possesses an
explicitly stated set of axioms from which theorems can be
derived.
From the definition, you could say that axiomatic system
consists of some undefined terms (also called the primitive
terms), defined terms, list of axioms or postulates concerning
the undefined terms, a system of logic (or proofs) to be used in
deducing new statements called theorems
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

UNDEFINED
TERMS
Undefined terms are terms that are left undefined in the
system. Instead of providing a definition for them, we resort to a
description, illustration, or demonstration.
Axiomatic structure started with three undefined terms (or
primitive terms): point, line, and plane. These terms are the
bases in defining new terms, hence they are called the building
blocks of geometry. Even though they are called undefined
terms, it does not really mean that we are restricted to describe
or represent them.
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

POINT
• A point indicates a location (or position) in space.
• A point has no dimension (actual size).
• A point has no length, no width, and no height
(thickness).
• A point is usually named with a capital letter.
• In the coordinate plane, a point is named by an ordered
pair, (x,y).
• While we represent a point with a dot, the dot can be
very tiny or very large.
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

LINE
Lines: A line is defined as a line of points that extends infinitely
in two directions. It has one dimension, length. Points that are on
the same line are called collinear points:

A line is defined by two points and is written as shown


below with an arrowhead
A line is defined by two points and is written as shown
below with an arrowhead
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

A part of a line that has defined endpoints is called a line


segment. A line segment as the segment between A and B
above is written as

A part of a line that has one endpoint and it extends in one


direction endlessly is called ray.
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

PLANE
• a plane has two dimensions.
• a plane forms a flat surface extending indefinitely in all
directions.
• a plane has infinite length, infinite width and zero height
(thickness).
• a plane is drawn as a four-sided figure resembling a tabletop
or a parallelogram.
• A plane is named by three points in the plane that are not on
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

POSTULATES
A postulate is a statement that is assumed
true without proof.
Listed below are six postulates and the theorems that can be
proven from1:these postulates:
Postulate
A straight line segment can be drawn joining m
any two distinct points.
There is another point besides K
point w on m
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

Postulate 2: The Plane Postulate


A plane contains at least three non-collinear points.

Postulate 3: Line Postulate


T
Through any two points, there is exactly one line.

Only one line contains point Q


Q
and T.
Postulate 4: The Number of Points
B
Postulate
Through any three noncollinear points, there A C
One plane contains A,
is exactly one plane. B and C.
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

Postulate 5: The Flat Plane Postulate


If two points lie in a plane, then the line joining them lies in that
plane. P
L

K
KL lies in
Plane P
Postulate 6: If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

Plane G and Plane H intersect


along line l
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

THEOREMS
A theorem is a true statement
Theorem 1: The Linethat can be proven.
Intersection Theorem
If two lines intersect, then they intersect in exactly
one point. q
M

Lines q and r intersect at M and at


no other point
r
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

Theorem 2: If a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane,


then the intersection contains only one point.

Theorem 3: If a point lies outside a line, then exactly one plane


contains both the line and the point.
A C
One plane contains AC
and B B
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

Theorem 4: If two distinct lines intersect, then exactly one plane


contains both lines. t
A

One plane contains


l
t and l

Linear Pair Theorem: If two angles form a


linear pair, then they are supplementary.
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

Vertical Angles Theorem: Vertical angles are congruent.

Perpendicular Bisector Theorem: Point on


the perpendicular bisector of a segment is
equidistant from the endpoints of the
segment.
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

Isosceles Triangle Theorem: Base angles of


isosceles triangles are congruent.

Triangle Angle Sum Theorem: The sum of the measures of the


angles of a triangle is 180°.
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

Exterior Angle Theorem: The exterior angle of a triangle is equal


to the sum of the two remote interior angles of the triangle. The
exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of the measures of
the remote interior angles.
Plane and Solid Geometry Unit 01

THANK
YOU F O R YO U R
ATT E N T I O N

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