Aim:

used to calculate the heat energy

transferred during reactions such as
combustion, displacement, dissolving and
neutralisation.
APPARATUS:

1).Empty soda can

2).Glass rod (or something else that will not
burn)
3).Ring stand (or something to suspend the
soda can)
4).Thermometer
5).Large paper clip
6).Aluminum foil
7).Food samples
8).Matches or lighter
9).A fire-safe place and safety equipment
THEORY:
 The body at higher temperature releases heat while the body at lower
temperature absorbs heat.
 The principle of calorimetry indicates the law of conservation energy,
i.e. the total heat lost by the hot body is equal to the total heat
gained by the cold body.
 Heat Lost = Heat Gained
PURPOSE:

 Calorimetry is used to measure amounts of heat transferred to or from a

substance. To do so, the heat is exchanged with a calibrated object (calorimeter).
 The change in temperature of the measuring part of the calorimeter is converted
into the amount of heat (since the previous calibration was used to establish its
heat capacity).
 The measurement of heat transfer using this approach requires the definition of a
system (the substance or substances undergoing the chemical or physical
change) and its surroundings (the other components of the measurement
apparatus that serve to either provide heat to the system or absorb heat from
the system).
 Knowledge of the heat capacity of the surroundings, and careful measurements
of the masses of the system and surroundings and their temperatures before and
after the process allows one to calculate the heat transferred as described in this
section.
Figure 1. In a calorimetric determination, either (a) an exothermic
process occurs and heat, q, is negative, indicating that thermal
energy is transferred from the system to its surroundings, or (b)
an endothermic process occurs and heat, q, is positive, indicating
that thermal energy is transferred from the surroundings to the
system.
Figure 2. A simple calorimeter can be
constructed from two polystyrene
cups. A thermometer and stirrer
extend through the cover into the
reaction mixture.
 A calorimeter is a device used to measure the amount of heat
involved in a chemical or physical process.
 For example, when an exothermic reaction occurs in solution in a
calorimeter, the heat produced by the reaction is absorbed by the
solution, which increases its temperature.
 When an endothermic reaction occurs, the heat required is absorbed
from the thermal energy of the solution, which decreases its
temperature (Figure 1).
 The temperature change, along with the specific heat and mass of
the solution, can then be used to calculate the amount of heat
involved in either case.
 Scientists use well-insulated calorimeters that all but prevent the
transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its environment.
 This enables the accurate determination of the heat involved in
chemical processes, the energy content of foods, and so on.
 General chemistry students often use simple calorimeters
constructed from polystyrene cups (Figure 2).
 These easy-to-use “coffee cup” calorimeters allow more heat
exchange with their surroundings, and therefore produce less
accurate energy values.
 Commercial solution calorimeters are also available.
 Relatively inexpensive calorimeters often consist of two thin-walled
cups that are nested in a way that minimizes thermal contact during
use, along with an insulated cover, handheld stirrer, and simple
thermometer.
 More expensive calorimeters used for industry and research typically
have a well-insulated, fully enclosed reaction vessel, motorized
stirring mechanism, and a more accurate temperature sensor (Figure
3).
figure 3. Commercial solution calorimeters range from (a) simple,
inexpensive models for student use to (b) expensive, more accurate
models for industry and research.
 Before we practice calorimetry problems involving chemical reactions,
consider a simpler example that illustrates the core idea behind
calorimetry.
 Suppose we initially have a high-temperature substance, such as a hot
piece of metal, and a low-temperature substance, such as cool water.
 If we place the metal in the water, heat will flow from the hot metal to the
cool water.
 The temperature of the metal (M) will decrease, and the temperature of
the water (W) will increase, until the two substances have the same
temperature—that is, when they reach thermal equilibrium (Figure 4).
 . If this occurs in a calorimeter, ideally all of this heat transfer occurs
between the two substances, with no heat gained or lost by either the
calorimeter or the calorimeter’s surroundings. Under these ideal
circumstances, the net heat change is zero:
 {q}_{\text{Metal}}+{q}_{\text{Water}}=0
This relationship can be rearranged to show that the heat gained by the metal is
equal to the heat lost by the water:
{q}_{\text{Metal}}=-{q}_{\text{Water}}
The magnitude of the heat (change) is therefore the same for both substances,
and the negative sign merely shows that q and q are opposite in direction of heat
flow (gain or loss) but does not indicate the arithmetic sign of either q value (that
is determined by whether the matter in question gains or loses heat, per
definition).
In the specific situation described, q is a negative value and q is positive, since
heat is transferred from the metal to the water.
Figure 4. In a simple calorimetry process, (a) heat, q, is transferred from
the hot metal, M, to the cool water, W, until (b) both are at the same
temperature.

Figure 4. In a simple calorimetry process, (a) heat, q, is

transferred from the hot metal, M, to the cool water, W, until (b)
both are at the same temperature.
 PROCEDURE:
1.Pour 50 mL of water into the soda can.
2.Bend your paperclip and place your food sample on the end so it is
freestanding. The food sample should be 2-3 grams (make sure you weigh
and record the starting weight).
3.Place the paperclip and food sample on a piece of aluminium foil to
protect your surface from charred or burnt food.
4.Suspend your soda can about 4 cm above the food sample.
5.Insert the thermometer into the soda can opening and record the
starting temperature of the water.
6.Light the food sample on fire. As it is burning, gently stir the water in
the soda can using the thermometer and keep and eye on the
temperature.
7.Once the food sample has stopped burning, record the highest
temperature that the water reached. Then weigh the remaining food and
record the weight.
 CALCULATIONS:
1. We determine the change in temperature, T max — T c for water.
 T c = Temperature of the cold water in the coffee cup before the metal
falls
 T max = Final temperature of water after lowering the metal into the
coffee cup
2. Determine the absolute value for the change in metal temperature, |
T Max — 100.0 °C |
3. .Use Equation 5 to calculate the specific heat of the unknown metal.
 Cs metal = Equation 5
 = mass of water in grams
 = mass of metal in grams
THANK YOU
