PATTERNS OF

PARAGRAPH
DEVELOPMENT
READING AND WRITING SKILLS
 LEARNING COMPETENCY

Compare and contrast patterns of written texts across

disciplines
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the topic, the students are expected to:

Distinguish the similarities and differences among the

1.
patterns of written texts;
Determine the appropriate pattern for a particular topic
2.
to write, and;

3. Write paragraphs or composition using the patterns

learned.
“4 PICS 1
WORD”
LET'S GET
STARTED!
 THE
ANSWER IS...

N A R R AT I O N
 THE
ANSWER IS...

DEFINITION
 THE
ANSWER IS...

DESCRIPTIO
N
 THE
ANSWER IS...

C L A S S I F I C AT I O
N
PATTERNS OF
PARAGRAPH
DEVELOPMENT
IN WRITING
ACROSS
DISCIPLINES
ACTIVITY 2
 THE TEACHER WILL FLASH AND READ DIFFERENT
QUESTIONS AND THE STUDENTS WILL RAISE THEIR
HANDS TO GIVE THEIR ANSWERS.
1.What paragraph development compares two subjects
and discusses how they are alike?

A. NARRATION

B. EXEMPLIFICATION

C. COMPARISON-
CONTRAST

D. CAUSE-EFFECT
C. COMPARISON-
CONTRAST
2. Suppose you are asked on a history test to explain the
causes of the American Revolution. Which pattern would
you be likely to use to organize the information?

A. NARRATION

B. EXEMPLIFICATION

C. COMPARISON-
CONTRAST

D. CAUSE-EFFECT
D. CAUSE-EFFECT
3.What pattern used personal conviction or opinion about
an issue or topic and makes the readers agree with or
adopt your conviction or opinion?

A. PERSUASION

B. EXEMPLIFICATION

C. COMPARISON-
CONTRAST

D. CAUSE-EFFECT
A. PERSUASION
4. This pattern of development is used to deal with topics
that pose problems and present solutions in a logical
manner.

A. PERSUASION

B. PROBLEM-SOLUTION

C. COMPARISON-
CONTRAST

D. CAUSE-EFFECT
B. PROBLEM-
SOLUTION
5. A type of pattern that uses factual and statistical
evidences in convincing someone that his/her opinion or
stand is correct.

A. PERSUASION

B. PROBLEM-SOLUTION

C. COMPARISON-
CONTRAST

D. CAUSE-EFFECT
A. PERSUASION
PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH
DEFINITION
NARRATION

EXEMPLIFICATION
DESCRIPTION

CLASSIFICATION
PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH

COMPARISON
PROBLEM-
AND CONTRAST
SOLUTION

CAUSE AND PERSUASION

EFFECT
 NARRATION
• tells a story. It relates an • A narrative paragraph
incident or a series of events contains action verbs and
that leads to a conclusion or transition words that indicate
ending. time or sequence.

• It tells the readers when, • The narrative paragraph tells

where, and what happened. It a part of a story in the first
reveals what a reader should person. It shows a sequence
learn. of events connected by
transition words.
• Narration paragraphs use the
past form of the verb and
usually written in
 NARRATION
The following are some transition words used to
signal time or sequence order:

First, second, etc. After, next, then, eventually,

soon
Meanwhile, a short time later
During, at the same time, simultaneously
Suddenly, instantly, momentarily, The next day,
following, thereafter
In the end, ultimately
EXAMPLE: The most embarrassing moment of my sophomore year
was how I earned my nick name, Crash. It all started right
after school when I turned on to the busiest street by the
school. First I pulled up right behind this truck at a stop
sign. After a second, a fellow older student told me that I
was really close and that I was going to hit the truck in
front of me. At the moment I was trying to tell the kid that I
was giving a ride to get back in the car because he was
hanging out the window. Since I was distracted, I thought
the long line of traffic had started to move, but it hadn’t. In
the blink of an eye I hit the back of the truck in front of me.
The devastation sunk in. I was so worried that I damaged
the truck, but all that I did was scratch his bumper. Lucky
for him! Then it came time to look at my car. My car was
ruined. The hood was buckled, the front end was pushed
back, and my headlights were broken. Humiliated and
scared, I still had to drive my totaled care home. During
School that year, I never did hear the end of what had
happened that day.
 DESCRIPTION
• Rich descriptive words
• You should start at one point
that put a picture of a
person, place or an and move in one direction as
object in a reader’s not to confuse the reader.
mind.
• When a person is • The reader should be able to
writing a specific envision the picture that you
piece, there should be had in your mind as the
very detailed writer.
observations, write
what you see in your
mind.
EXAMPLE:
Lake Calhoun is a great place to swim and relax. In the summer,
the water is warm and clean, and the beaches are large enough to
accommodate groups of people seeking relief from a midsummer
scorcher. In addition to swimming, visitors to the lake can go
canoeing, sailing, windsurfing, or fishing. The blue water is a
refreshing, tempting sight. The sweet scent of sun block wafts
through the air from sunbathers lying on the beach. Children laugh
and splash in the water, and nearby volleyball games stir
passionate shouts in the heat of competition. Meanwhile lifeguards
sit atop their towers and make sure everyone is safe. In the
distance, sail boats catch the soft breezes that cross the lake and
canoeists glide quietly past. This is what summer is all about!
Then it came time to look at my car. My car was ruined. The hood
was buckled, the front end was pushed back, and my headlights
were broken. Humiliated and scared, I still had to drive my totaled
care home. During School that year, I never did hear the end of
what had happened that day.
 DEFINITION
TWO WAYS TO WRITE
• Is a paragraph
DEFINITION
explaining a term or
subject, so your
1.Synonym- Is explaining the
audience
term by using the words that
comprehends the
mean the same thing.
topic of the
paragraph. 2.Class- Is when you put your
topic in broad category to
explain your term.
 DEFINITION
Synonym example:

• The stars were glowing and the planets were

bright.
• That truck with the noisy engine is very loud.
• If you listen closely, you will hear the birds.

Class example:
• A pineapple is a tropical fruit that has an acidic
and sweet taste.
EXAMPLE:
Deja vu is a French word meaning "already seen", it has also
been described as a feeling or experience that one has seen or
done something before. For example, you are waiting in line to
check out at the grocery store and the lady behind you asks
you to hand her a pack of gum. Suddenly you get an
overwhelming feeling that you have been there in that exact
same spot, talking to the same lady, even the same brand of
gum. Even though everything seems so familiar you know
there is no way that could have happened before. There are
many theories as to why and how this phenomenon happens.
One theory is that deja vu is connected with temporal-lobe
epilepsy, but people without a history of epilepsy have also
experienced deja vu. Psychiatrists believe it is something in
your brain that confuses an event that happened in the past
with the present. Another theory is parapsychologist think it is
connected with past life experiences. Whether deja vu is an
experience of the paranormal or simply some confusion in the
 EXEMPLIFICATION
• one of the most • Not only do these examples
common and effective illustrate and explain the
ways to show or topic sentence, but they also
explain an idea or make your writing more
point (e.g., interesting and more
observation, opinion, convincing.
belief). In this pattern • A type of argumentative
of development, the essay that provides specific
main idea is explained examples to prove a point.
by giving an extended
example or a series of
detailed examples.
EXAMPLE:
Marketing is an important as knowing how to grow
beautiful plants. It will spell the difference between
success and failure to an entrepreneur. Thus, you
should be creative in selling your plants, and you
can choose from any of the following suggestions.
One is to have your plant shop. This is advisable if
you have your place, which is strategically located,
but if you don’t, and rent a place, the overhead
expenses will cost you a sum of money. Another
strategy is to conduct an open house once you have
enough stock to dispose. You can offer your plants at
discounted prices to attract buyers. One other way
to dispose of your plants is to sell them in one lot.
You may not earn as much as in other strategies but
it will take much of your time. There are many other
creative ways of marketing your plants and it’s up to
 CLASSIFICATION
• Refers to sorting or • The group or category should
arranging subjects (e.g., have a single basis of
persons, places, things, classification.
ideas) into groups or • Classifying historical events
categories according to by year, popular TV shows by
their common or shared genre, diseases based on
characteristic. mode of transmission,
• The subjects can be cleaning products based on
grouped in many different manufacturer, and animals
ways depending on your based on habitat are some
purpose. With a purpose in examples of topics in
mind, you can determine different disciplines.
how to group the subjects
in your list.
 CLASSIFICATION
Using Exemplification and • The group or category should
Classification have a single basis of
• You can use both classification, and the
exemplification and grouping or categorization
classification in developing must suit the purpose.
a paragraph. You can begin
by classifying some ideas • - You can use both
and then explain each idea exemplification and
by giving examples. classification in developing a
• -Exemplification shows, paragraph.
proves, or explains a
general idea or point by
using examples.
EXAMPLE: Different students attend various types of schools;
however, they can usually be classified as either public,
private religious, private non-religious, or alternative.
Public schools are funded by the state, and the majority
of students in the United States attend them. Private
religious schools are based around a particular faith,
such as Catholicism, Judaism, and so forth. The religion
is part of the everyday lives of the students and they
also learn about the faiths. All types of private schools
do not receive state funding. Therefore, private non-
religious schools are simply just that: schools which do
not receive state funding and have the ability to make
their own rules. Alternative schools can be made up of
a variety of different categories, such as the Montessori
program or technical schools. Most students who
attend class in an actual school building go to one of
these types of institutions.
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
• This paragraph TWO WAYS TO WRITE
compares two COMPARISON-CONTRAST
subjects and discusses 1.POINT TO POINT PARAGRAPH –
how they are alike and writing back and forth to each
lists a few examples. subject.

• In the contrast 2.BLOCKED PARAGRAPH

paragraphs, two (subject-by-subject)- discusses
subjects are discussed the first topic then finishes
as how they are paragraph with the next topic is
different, again, listing to be compared or contrasted
a few examples. with the first.
EXAMPLE: Basketball and soccer are played with a
round ball. They both provide a ton of
cardiovascular exercise such as running; so if
you want to get in shape these are the sports
to play. Even though basketball and soccer
are similar, differences do exist. Even though
an athlete dribbles the ball in both sports, a
basketball player uses his hands and a
soccer player uses his feet. Usually soccer is
played outside on a large field and basketball
is played indoor on a court made out of
wood. Basketball is played with 5 players
and soccer has 11. Lastly, basketball has
four quarters and soccer has two halves.
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
• A cause is simply “why • The following words can be
something happens,” used to signal cause and
effect:
and an effect is “what
as a result due to
happens.” Together, (this)
they can be used as a accordingly
pattern of development consequently
in writing. because of (this)
• With the cause-and- hence/therefore/thus

effect pattern, the

There are different ways to use
writer can explain how the cause-and-effect pattern in
an event or action leads
 CAUSE TO EFFECT TO
EFFECT CAUSE
The cause, which can be an The effect can be stated at the
event or action, can be stated beginning of the text, followed
right at the beginning of a by sentences and paragraphs
paragraph, followed by that expound on the causes.
sentences stating the effects. This type of organization is best
This type of organization is best for presenting a single effect
for explaining a single cause with different causes.
with different effects.
 Letting alcohol take control over your life has many
EXAMPLE: negative effects on a person and the people
around them. One important effect is the damage
you can do to your body. Drinking can lead to
severe illness and even eventual death; some
health consequences to consider might be liver
disease, kidney failure and, for pregnant women,
the loss of their unborn child. Another detriment is
that an addiction could lead to drinking and
driving; possibly causing a fatal car accident for
either yourself and/or an innocent by-stander.
Another concern to consider is the relationships
alcohol can destroy. Alcohol abuse can have very
serious effect on a person’s temperament, which
can lead to spousal and even child abuse. Alcohol
often is the number one cause in divorce and
spending time in jail. It can also affect relationships
PROBLEM SOLUTION
• a method for analyzing • the problem-solution pattern of
and writing about a topic development is used to deal
by identifying a problem with topics that pose problems
and proposing one or more and present solutions in a
solutions. logical manner.
• Analyzation of the problem Variations Problem- Solution
associated with a Pattern
particular issue or - Problem-Solution
situation and put forward – Problem-Cause-Solution
possible solutions, – Problem-Process-Solution
together with any
expected
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
PROBLEM-CAUSE-
SOLUTION

The problem-solution pattern is In a problem-cause-solution

a straightforward approach. The pattern, the cause of the
problem is expressed in a problem is identified and
simple statement, and a analyzed before a possible
possible solution is given. solution is presented.
 PROBLEM-PROCESS-
SOLUTION
In a problem-process-solution pattern, the
process or procedure is discussed
extensively. In the discussion, the
problem is addressed; the readers are led
to the solution.
EXAMPLE:
Consumption of processed and convenience foods and
our dependence on the car have led to an increase in
obesity and reduction in the fitness level of the adult
population. In some countries, especially industrialized
ones, the number of obese people can amount to one
third of the population. Changes by individuals to their
diet and their physical activity can increase life
expectancy. There is a reliance today on the consumption
of processed foods, which have a high fat and sugar
content. By preparing their own foods, and consuming
more fruit and vegetables, people could ensure that their
diets are healthier and more balanced, which could lead
to a reduction in obesity levels. In order to improve
fitness levels, people could choose to walk or cycle to
work or to the shops rather than taking the car. They
could also choose to walk up stairs instead of taking the
lift. These simple changes could lead to a significant
 PERSUASION
• intends to convince readers
• This paragraph
to do or believe in
something. Many writing means to convince
genres such as critiques or the reader that your
reviews, reaction papers, opinion on an issue
editorials, proposals, or subject is the
advertisements, and right one.
brochures make strong use
of persuasive paragraphs to
state opinions and to
influence others.
 • Knowing how to write a persuasive
paragraph allows you to express
your personal conviction or opinion
about an issue or topic and make
the readers agree with or adopt your
conviction or opinion.

Three common techniques that you can

use in developing a persuasive
paragraph:

- Using evidence
- Giving examples
- Attacking an opposing view
 USING EVIDENCE GIVING EXAMPLES
Another technique to persuade
You can use strong evidence such as
readers is by giving examples.
facts and statistics, statements of
Providing examples can enhance
expert authorities, and research
your idea or opinion and make it
findings to create impact and
concrete. These examples can be
establish credibility. Readers will more
based on observations or from your
likely be convinced to side with your
own personal experience. When
position or agree with your opinion if
using examples, they must be
it is backed up by verifiable evidence.
concrete, relevant, and reasonable.
 ATTACKING AN OPPOSING
VIEW
In this persuasive technique, you assert your
opinion by attacking or criticizing someone or
an opposing idea. Belittling someone’s idea,
dismissing the credibility of someone or an
idea, and making fun of someone’s idea are
some forms of attack that can be used to
strengthen your opinion. However, this
technique can insult or alienate the readers if
excessively done.
 Laughter is one of the greatest healing devices known to
EXAMPLE man. Laughter is powerful and can help people in many
different ways. It has the power to cure something as little
as a bad day or to heal the wounds of a terminally ill
person. Laughing has helped create the smile which is the
universal sign of well-being. Generally, individuals who do
not laugh live miserably and have unhappy lives. Dr.
Robert Holden found out that smiling and laughing
releases endorphins in the brain which gives people a
overall happy well-being. Using comedy, many doctors
have stimulated the healing process in manic depressants
and fatally ill patients giving them hope and ambition. In
many clinics laughter is being used in replacing anti-
depressants and reduces the need for pain killers.(Dr. Gael
Crystal). Take comedians for example, they usually live
long and happy lives. Putting a smile on faces and laughs
in souls is what makes life complete. Laughter helps heal
people and brightens spirits for a better and healthier life .
Laughing is a sign of joy and hope and keeps people
ACTIVITY NO.3
 DIRECTIONS:
• Using the fishbone diagram identify the cause
and effect of Teenage Pregnancy. After
identifying, discuss thoroughly your answer
using either cause to effect or effect to cause
paragraph. Write your answer in a 1/2 crosswise
yellow paper.
 ASSESSMENT
DIRECTIONS: WRITE AN ESSAY USING ANY PATTERN OF WRITTEN TEXTS. CHOOSE ONE TOPIC
FROM THE FOLLOWING. A MINIMUM OF 250 WORDS IS REQUIRED.

Your dream Place Expectation on

SHS Life

Embarrassing
Experience in School
or any public place
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Don't hesitate to ask any questions!