The Internet and Web

Internet
• It is the largest network in the world that connects
hundreds of thousands of individual networks all
over the world.
• The popular term for the Internet is the
“information highway”.
• Rather than moving through geographical space, it
moves your ideas and information through
cyberspace – the space of electronic movement of
ideas and information.
 Internet
• No one owns it
• It has no formal management organization.
• As it was originally developed by the Department
of defense, this lack of centralization made it less
vulnerable to wartime or terrorist attacks.
• To access the Internet, an existing network need to
pay a small registration fee and agree to certain
standards based on the TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) .
 The uses of the Internet

• Send e-mail messages.

• Send (upload) or receive (down load) files
between computers.
• Participate in discussion groups, such as
mailing lists and newsgroups.
• Surfing the web.
 What is Web?
• The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information
organized into Web pages containing text and graphic
images.
• It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords
and images that lead to related information.
• A collection of linked Web pages that has a common
theme or focus is called a Web site.
• The main page that all of the pages on a particular
Web site are organized around and link back to is
called the site’s home page.
 How to access the Internet?
• Many schools and businesses have direct
access to the Internet using special high-
speed communication lines and equipment.
• Students and employees can access through
the organization’s local area networks
(LAN) or through their own personal
computers.
• Another way to access the Internet is
through Internet Service Provider (ISP).
 How to access the Internet?
• To access the Internet, an existing network need to
pay a small registration fee and agree to certain
standards based on the TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) reference
model.
• Each organization pays for its own networks and
its own telephone bills, but those costs usually
exist independent of the internet.
• The regional Internet companies route and forward
all traffic, and the cost is still only that of a local
telephone call.
 Internet Service Provider (ISP)

• A commercial organization with permanent

connection to the Internet that sells
temporary connections to subscribers.
• Examples:
• Prodigy, America Online, Microsoft
network, AT&T Networks.
 Internet Connections
• There are many ways a personal electronic device can
connect to the internet. They all use different hardware
and each has a range of connection speeds:
1. Dial-Up (Analog 56K).
2. DSL
3. Cable
4. Wireless
5. Satellite
6. Cellular
•
1.Dial-Up
Dial-up access is cheap but slow.
• A modem connects to the Internet after the computer dials a
phone number.
• This analog signal is converted to digital via the modem and
sent over a land-line serviced by a public telephone network.
• Telephone lines are variable in quality and the connection can
be poor at times.
• The lines regularly experience interference and this affects the
speed.
• Since a computer or other device shares the same line as the
telephone, they can’t be active at the same time.
• Speed: 28K to 56K
 2. DSL
• DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line.
• It is an internet connection that is always “on”.
• uses 2 lines so your phone is not tied up when
your computer is connected.
• There is also no need to dial a phone number to
connect.
• DSL uses a router to transport data.
• Speed: 128K to 10 Mbps
 3. Cable/ Optical Fiber
• Cable provides an internet connection through a
cable modem and operates over cable/Optical
Fiber.
• There are different speeds depending on if you are
uploading data transmissions or downloading.
• The coax cable provides a much greater
bandwidth over dial-up or DSL telephone lines.
• Speed: 10 to 100 Mbp.
 4. Wireless
• Wireless, or Wi-Fi, does not use telephone
lines or cables to connect to the internet.
• It uses radio frequency.
• Wireless is also an always on connection
and it can be accessed from just about
anywhere.
• Speed: 5 Mbps to 20 Mbps.
 5. Satellite
• Satellite accesses the internet via a
satellite in Earth’s orbit.
• The enormous distance that a signal
travels from earth to satellite and back
again, provides a delayed connection
compared to cable and DSL.
• Speed: 12K to 2.0 Mbps
 6. Cellular
• Cellular. Cellular technology provides wireless
Internet access through cell phones. The speeds
vary depending on the provider, but the most
common are 3G and 4G speeds. A 3G is a term
that describes a 3rd generation cellular network
obtaining mobile speeds of around 2.0 Mbps. 4G
is the fourth generation of cellular wireless
standards. The goal of 4G is to achieve peak
mobile speeds of 100 Mbps but the reality is about
21 Mbps currently.
 How to access the Web?
• Once you have your Internet connection, then
you need special software called a browser to
access the Web.
• Web browsers are used to connect you to
remote computers, open and transfer files,
display text and images.
• Web browsers are specialized programs.
• Examples of Web browser: Netscape
Navigator (Navigator) and Internet Explorer.
 Client/Server Structure of the Web

• Web is a collection of files that reside on computers,

called Web servers, that are located all over the world
and are connected to each other through the Internet.
• When you use your Internet connection to become
part of the Web, your computer becomes a Web client
in a worldwide client/server network.
• A Web browser is the software that you run on your
computer to make it work as a web client.
 What’s the Internet: “nuts and
bolts” view
PC • millions of connected mobile network
server
computing devices:
– hosts = end systems
wireless global ISP
laptop
– running network apps
smartphone
home
 communication network
regional ISP
wireless
links
links  fiber, copper,
wired
links radio, satellite
 transmission
rate: bandwidth
 Packet switches:
router forward packets institutional
network
(chunks of data)
Introduction 1-25
 routers and
 Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML)
• The public files on the web servers are ordinary
text files, much like the files used by word-
processing software.
• To allow Web browser software to read them,
the text must be formatted according to a
generally accepted standard.
• The standard used on the web is Hypertext
markup language (HTML).
 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

• HTML uses codes, or tags, to tell the Web browser

software how to display the text contained in the
document.
• For example, a Web browser reading the following line of
text:
<B> A Review of the Book<I>Wind Instruments of
the 18th Century</I></B>
• recognizes the <B> and </B> tags as instructions to
display the entire line of text in bold and the <I> and </I>
tags as instructions to display the text enclosed by those
tags in italics.
 Addresses on the Web:IP Addressing
• Each computer on the internet does have a
unique identification number, called an IP
(Internet Protocol) address.
• The IP addressing system currently in use on
the Internet uses a four-part number.
• Each part of the address is a number ranging
from 0 to 255, and each part is separated from
the previous part by period,
• For example, 106.29.242.17
 IP Addressing
• The combination of the four IP address parts
provides 4.2 billion possible addresses (256 x
256 x 256 x 256).
• This number seemed adequate until 1998.
• Members of various Internet task forces are
working to develop an alternate addressing
system that will accommodate the projected
growth.
• However, all of their working solutions require
extensive hardware and software changes
throughout the Internet.
 Domain Name Addressing
• Most web browsers do not use the IP address t locate
Web sites and individual pages.
• They use domain name addressing.
• A domain name is a unique name associated with a
specific IP address by a program that runs on an
Internet host computer.
• This program, which coordinates the IP addresses and
domain names for all computers attached to it, is called
DNS (Domain Name System ) software.
• The host computer that runs this software is called a
domain name server.
 Domain Name Addressing
• Domain names can include any number of parts separated by
periods, however most domain names currently in use have only
three or four parts.
• Domain names follow hierarchical model that you can follow
from top to bottom if you read the name from the right to the
left.
• For example, the domain name gsb.uchicago.edu is the
computer connected to the Internet at the Graduate School of
Business (gsb), which is an academic unit of the University of
Chicago (uchicago), which is an educational institution (edu).
• No other computer on the Internet has the same domain name.
 Uniform Resource Locators
• The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular
computer on the Internet.
• However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML
document resides on that computer.
• To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on
Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
• URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web
browser:
 What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
 The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
 The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on
which the file resides
 The name of the file
 HTTP
• The transfer protocol is the set of rules that the
computers use to move files from one computer to
another on the Internet.
• The most common transfer protocol used on the
Internet is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP).
• Two other protocols that you can use on the
Internet are the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and
the Telnet Protocol
What’s a protocol?
human network protocols:
protocols: • machines rather than
humans
• “what’s the time?”
• all communication
• “I have a question” activity in Internet
• introductions governed by protocols

… specific msgs sent protocols define

… specific actions format, order of
taken when msgs msgs sent and
received, or other received among
events network entities,
and actions taken 1-34
Introduction on
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human
Introduction 1-35
protocols?
Structure of a Uniform Resource Locators

protocol pathname

http://www.chicagosymphony.org/civicconcerts/index.htm

Domain name filename

http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol

 How to find information on the Web?
• A number of search tools have been developed and
available to you on certain Web sites that provide
search services to help you find information.
• Examples:
 Yahoo  www.yahoo.com
 Excite  www.excite.com
 Lycos  www.lycos.com
 AltaVista  www/alta-vista.com
 MSN WebSearch  www.search.msn.com
 How to find information on the Web?
• You can find information by two basic means.
• Search by Topic and Search by keywords.
• Some search services offer both methods, others only
one.
• Google and Yahoo offers both.
 Search by Topic
You can navigate through topic lists
 Search by keywords
You can navigate by entering a keyword or phase into
a search text box.
 The network edge:
• end systems
(hosts):
– run application programs
– e.g. Web, email
– at “edge of network”
• client/server model
– e.g. Web browser/server;
email client/server
– Distributed applications
• peer-peer model:
– minimal (or no) use of
dedicated servers
– e.g. Skype, BitTorrent
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Network edge: connection-oriented
service

TCP service [RFC 793]

Goal: data transfer • reliable, in-order byte-
between end systems stream data transfer
• handshaking: setup a – loss: acknowledgements
connection for data and retransmissions
transfer ahead of • flow control:
time – sender won’t overwhelm
receiver
• TCP - Transmission • congestion control:
Control Protocol – senders “slow down
– Internet’s connection- sending rate” when
oriented service network congested
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Network edge: connectionless service

Goal: data transfer between end systems

• UDP - User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768]:
– No handshaking – less work!
– Less delay
– Internet’s connectionless service
• unreliable data transfer
• no flow control
• no congestion control

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