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Unit I Lesson-1 Exploring Random Variables

This document explores the concept of random variables, defining them as functions that associate real numbers with outcomes in a sample space. It classifies random variables into discrete and continuous types, providing examples and exercises to illustrate these concepts. The document emphasizes that discrete random variables have countable outcomes, while continuous random variables can take on an infinite range of values.

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Gilvert Panganiban
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Unit I Lesson-1 Exploring Random Variables

This document explores the concept of random variables, defining them as functions that associate real numbers with outcomes in a sample space. It classifies random variables into discrete and continuous types, providing examples and exercises to illustrate these concepts. The document emphasizes that discrete random variables have countable outcomes, while continuous random variables can take on an infinite range of values.

Uploaded by

Gilvert Panganiban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPLORING RANDOM VARIABLES

Lesson Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:


• illustrate a random variable;
• classify random variables as discrete or
continuous; and
• find the possible values of a random variable.
Pre-Assessment

Recap:
The set of all possible outcomes of an
experiment is called the sample space.
Lesson Introduction
If three coins are tossed, what numbers can be
assigned for the frequency of heads that will occur?

If three cards are drawn from a deck, what number


can be assigned for the frequency of face cards that
will occur?

The answers to these questions require an


understanding of random variables.
Discussion Points
Suppose three cell phones are tested at
random. We want to find out the number of
defective cell phones that occur. Thus, to each
outcome in the sample space we shall assign a
value.
Discussion Points
Suppose three cell phones are tested at random.
We want to find out the number of defective cell
phones that occur.
Possible Outcomes
NNN NDD
NND DND
NDN DDN
DNN DDD
Discussion Points
To each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a
value.
0 - If there is no defective cell
phone
1- if there is 1 defective cell phone
2- if there are two defective cell
phones
3 -if there are three defective cell
phones

The number of defective cell phones is a random


Discussion Points

The possible values of this random variable are


0, 1, 2, and 3.
Discussion Points

A random variable is a function that associates a


real number to each element in the sample
space. It is a variable whose values are
determined by chance.
Example 1
Tossing Three Coins
Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the
random variable representing the number of
tails that occur. Find the values of the random
variable Y. Complete the table below.
Solution to Example 1

The possible values of the random variable Y are


0, 1, 2, and 3.
Example 2
Drawing Balls from an Urn
Two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from an urn containing 5 red balls and 6
blue balls. Let Z be the random variable representing
the number of blue balls. Find the values of the
random variable Z. Complete the table below.
Solution to Example 2

The possible values of the random variable Z are


0, 1, and 2.
Discussion Points
A random variable is a discrete random variable if its
set of possible outcomes is countable. Mostly, discrete
random variables represent count data, such as the
number of defective chairs produced in a factory.

For Example 1, the possible values of random variable


Y are 0, 1, 2, and 3. The possible values for random
variable Z in Example 2, are 0, 1, and 2. Random
variables Y and Z are discrete random variables.
Discussion Points

A random variable is a continuous random


variable if it takes on values on a continuous
scale. Often, continuous random variables
represent measured data, such as heights,
weights, and temperatures.
Discussion Points
Example of Continuous Random Variable

Suppose an experiment is conducted to determine


the distance that a certain type of car will travel
using 10 liters of gasoline over a prescribed test
course. If distance is a random variable, then we
have an infinite number of distances that cannot
be equated to the number of whole numbers. This
is an example of a continuous random variable.
Exercise 1
Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the random
variable representing the number of heads that
occur. Find the values of the random variable Z.
Exercise 2

A shipment of five computers contains two that


are slightly defective. If a retailer receives three
of these computers at random, list the elements
of the sample space S using the letters D and N
for defective and non-defective computers,
respectively. To each sample point assign a value
x of the random variable X representing the
number of computers purchased by the retailer
which are slightly defective.
Exercise 3

Let T be a random variable giving the number


of heads plus the number of tails in three
tosses of a coin. List the elements of the
sample space S for the three tosses of the coin
and assign a value to each sample point.
Exercise 4

Classify the following random variables as discrete or


continuous.
a) the number of defective computers produced
by a manufacturer
b) the weight of newborns each year in a hospital
c) the number of siblings in a family of a region
d) the amount of paint utilized in a building project
e) the number of dropout in a school district for a
period of 10 years
Summary

A random variable is a function that associates


a real number to each element in the sample
space. It is a variable whose values are
determined by chance.
Summary

• A random variable is a discrete random variable if its set


of possible outcomes is countable. Mostly, discrete
random variables represent count data, such as the
number of defective chairs produced in a factory.

• A random variable is a continuous random variable if it


takes on values on a continuous scale. Often, continuous
random variables represent measured data, such as
heights, weights, and temperatures.

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