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Lecture4-Intro-to-C

This document serves as an introduction to C++ programming, covering definitions of key concepts such as computer programming, programming languages, identifiers, and data types. It outlines the basic structure of a C++ program, including syntax for input and output operations, arithmetic expressions, and various operators. Additionally, it explains the use of increment and decrement operators in C++.

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aisat.soria221662
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9 views

Lecture4-Intro-to-C

This document serves as an introduction to C++ programming, covering definitions of key concepts such as computer programming, programming languages, identifiers, and data types. It outlines the basic structure of a C++ program, including syntax for input and output operations, arithmetic expressions, and various operators. Additionally, it explains the use of increment and decrement operators in C++.

Uploaded by

aisat.soria221662
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CH A P T ER 3 :

R O DU CT I O N T O C +
I NT
+ PR O G R A M M I N G
FND
U NDA MENTAL S A
MP E 011: C OMP U TER
C
PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMING DEFINITIONS
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING - THE PROCESS OF IMPLEMENTING THE
ALGORITHM USING A LANGUAGE THE COMPUTER CAN UNDERSTAND.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE - IS A SET OF SPECIAL WORDS, SYMBOLS


AND RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING A PROGRAM. THERE ARE MANY
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES EACH WITH THEIR OWN SET OF RULES.

IDENTIFIERS - ARE USED IN C++ TO NAME THINGS. THEY MAY


CONTAIN
• LETTERS (LOWERCASE/UPPERCASE)
• DIGITS (0-9)
• THE UNDERSCORE ( _ ) CHARACTER
PROGRAMMING DEFINITIONS
NOTE: C++ IS CASE-SENSITIVE, IN OTHER WORDS, UPPERCASE AND
LOWERCASE LETTERS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE DIFFERENT.

DATA TYPES – A SET OF VALID DATA VALUES ALONG WITH THE


OPERATIONS THAT MAY BE PERFORMED ON THOSE VALUES. THE C++
DATA TYPES WE WILL USE ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. - ONE ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTER ENCLOSED IN SINGLE QUOTES.
2. - POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE INTEGERS WITH OR WITHOUT A SIGN.
(COMMAS ARE NOT ALLOWED)
PROGRAMMING DEFINITIONS
3. - POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE NUMBERS CONTAINING AN INTEGER PART
AND A FRACTIONAL PART WITH A DECIMAL POINT IN BETWEEN.
4. - AN SET OF CHARACTERS USED TO HOLD DATA CONTAINING MORE
THAN ONE CHARACTER ENCLOSED IN DOUBLE QUOTES.
5. – TRUE OF FALSE

ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT
SYNTAX: VARIABLE = EXPRESSIONS;
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A C++ PROGRAM
PREPROSSESOR DIRECTIVES – INFORMATION OF THE PROGRAM
NEEDS (A LIST OF ALL NECESSARY HEADER FILES USED IN THE
PROGRAM).

HEADING – INT MAIN ( ) - FUNCTIONS BY DEFINITION RETURN A VALUE

MAIN FUNCTION
{
VARIABLE DECLARATIONS AND
EXECUTABLE STATEMENTS
}
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A C++ PROGRAM
FORMAT:

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ( )
{
//Executable Statements

return 0;
}
BASIC INPUT & OUTPUT
BASIC OUTPUT IN C++
IS A PREDEFINED VARIABLE IN C++ THAT INDICATES YOU ARE
GOING TO OUTPUT A STREAM OF CHARACTERS TO AN OUTPUT DEVICE.

THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSION IS A LITERAL CONSTANT OF TYPE STRING


AND A SIMPLE ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION.
COUT << “HELLO WORLD!”;
COUT << (NUM1 + NUM2)/2;
COUT << "THE AVERAGE IS " << AVERAGEAGE;
BASIC INPUT & OUTPUT
GENERAL FORM OF COUT:
cout<< ExprOrString << ExprOrString … ;

NOTE: (END LINE) CAUSES THE CURSOR TO MOVE TO THE


BEGINNING OF THE NEXT LINE. THIS IS ONE WAY TO GET BLANK
LINES IN YOUR OUTPUT.
BASIC INPUT & OUTPUT
BASIC INPUT IN C++
IS A PREDEFINED VARIABLE IN C++ THAT INDICATES YOU ARE
GOING TO INPUT A STREAM OF CHARACTERS FROM AN INPUT DEVICE
(CIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE STANDARD INPUT DEVICE WHICH IS THE
KEYBOARD).

GENERAL FORM OF CIN:


cin >> variable1 >> variable2 … ;
BASIC INPUT & OUTPUT
NOTE: UNLIKE THE OUTPUT STATEMENT WHICH MAY CONTAIN
CONSTANTS, VARIABLES OR MORE COMPLICATED EXPRESSIONS, THE
ONLY ITEMS THAT MAY BE SPECIFIED IN AN INPUT STATEMENT ARE
THE NAMES OF ONE OR MORE VARIABLES.
EXAMPLES:
cin >> length;
cin >> width;

or

cin >> length >> width;


ARITHMETIC IN C++
ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS CAN BE MADE UP OF CONSTANTS,
VARIABLES, OPERATORS AND PARENTHESES. THE ARITHMETIC
OPERATORS IN C++ ARE AS FOLLOWS

+ (ADDITION)
- (SUBTRACTION)
* (MULTIPLICATION)
/ (DIVISION)
% (MODULUS - THE REMAINDER FROM INTEGER DIVISION)

NOTE: THE % OPERATOR MAY APPEAR ONLY WITH INTEGER VALUES.


ARITHMETIC IN C++
WHEN EXPRESSIONS ARE EVALUATED, THEY ARE EVALUATED LEFT TO
RIGHT ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING PRECEDENCE RULES:
()
*/%
+-
THE EXPRESSION 4 + 8 / 2 IS EVALUATED AS FOLLOWS:
4 + 4 = 8 (DIVISION HAS THE HIGHEST PRECEDENCE)
THE EXPRESSION (4 + 8) / 2 IS EVALUATED AS FOLLOWS:
12 / 2 = 6 (PARENTHESES HAVE THE HIGHEST PRECEDENCE)
ADDITIONAL OPERATORS
LOGICAL OPERATORS RELATIONAL OPERATORS
AND ( ) EQUAL ( ) NOT EQUAL ( )
OR ( ) LESS THAN ( ) GREATER THAN ( )
NOT ( ! ) LESS THAN OR EQUAL ( )
XOR ( ) GREATER THAN OR EQUAL ( )
SHIFTING OPERATORS LOGICAL AND ( )
SHIFT LEFT () LOGICAL OR ( )
SHIFT RIGHT ()
ADDITIONAL OPERATORS
COMBINED OPERATORS
C++ ALLOWS OPERATORS TO BE COMBINED FOR A SHORT-
HAND NOTATION. MANY ENVIRONMENTS DISCOURAGE THE USE OF
OPERATORS IN THIS WAY AS IT CAN MAKE A PROGRAM MORE
DIFFICULT TO READ AND UNDERSTAND.
=

EXAMPLES:
value = value + 5; is equal to value += 5;
num3 *= num1 + 15; is also equal to num3 = num3 * (num1 +
15);
INCREMENT/DECREMENT
IN ADDITION TO THE MATH OPERATORS, C++ PROVIDES INCREMENT
AND DECREMENT OPERATORS.
++ INCREMENT
-- DECREMENT

INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS USED IN


EXPRESSIONS
++N OR --N INCREMENT/DECREMENT THE CONTENTS OF N
AND USE THE NEW VALUE OF N IN THE
EXPRESSION.
N++ OR N-- USE THE CURRENT VALUE OF N IN THE
EXPRESSION AND WHEN FINISHED,
INCREMENT/DECREMENT N.

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