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Introduction to First Aid
Standard First Aid
(SFA)
01/28/25 1
First Aid
Helping behaviors and initial care provided for an
illness or injury
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Fever
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Fever
• Higher-than-normal body
( greater than 37.8
degrees Celsius)
temperature
• Slightly elevated body
temperature in children,
infants = serious illness
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Common Causes of Fever
• Childhood immunization
• Infections
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Taking the temperature
• Orally: under
the tongue
• Axillary: under
the armpit
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What to do for Fever
• Monitor temperature
• Remove excess clothing; DO NOT wrap in
blankets
• If possible, keep person in a well ventilated
place
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What to do for Fever
• Give tepid sponge bath
• Give plenty of fluids
• Give prescribed doses of paracetamol; DO
NOT give aspirin
• Promote bedrest
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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When to seek emergency help
• Severe headache • Confusion
• Sore throat • Persistent vomiting
• Unusual skin rash • Difficulty breathing
• Unusual eye • Chest pain
Sensitivity to bright • Restlessness/Irritability
light
• Abdominal pain or pain
• Stiff neck; neck pain when urinating
when head bent • Seizures
forward
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Head and Neck Problems
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(SFA)
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Dizziness
• Feeling of
unsteadiness;
spinning sensation
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Dizziness
• Vertigo: feeling of motion when there
is no actual motion
• Lightheadedness: feeling of about to
faint
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What to do for Dizziness
• Drink plenty of water; have regular meals; get enough
rest
• Avoid unnecessary or sudden movements or change
in position
• Place the victim in a comfortable position
• Reassure the anxious dizzy person
• If symptoms persist, bring the victim to the nearest
medical facility
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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When to seek medical care
• Dizziness without a clear, certain cause
• Dizziness followed by loss of consciousness
• Inability to walk straight; falling
• Worsening or new symptom
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Fainting
• Not enough
blood supply to
the brain which
causes loss of
consciousness
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What to do for Fainting
• If person is breathing, lay him down, elevate legs
• Loosen constrictive clothing
• Don’t get the person up too quickly
• Seek for medical assistance
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What to do for Fainting
• Make sure airway is clear; watch out for vomiting
• Treat injuries from fall, if any
• DO NOT pour water over victim’s face
• DO NOT give any liquids unless victim is awake
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Convulsions
• Seizures
• Uncontrolled, rapid
shaking
• Muscles contract
and relax repeatedly
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Characteristics of Convulsions
• With or without warning signs
• Rigid; shaking vigorously, uncontrollably with
upward rolling of eyes; drooling
• Staring blankly
• Victim may not remember
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What to do for Convulsion
• Place the person in a safe environment
• Provide adequate breathing space
• Support the head and neck
• Note for duration, recurrence and interval
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What to do for Convulsion
• After the convulsion, roll the person to his side
• Call for medical assistance
• Stay with person until help arrives
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What NOT to do for Convulsion
• DO NOT place anything in the mouth
• DO NOT try to make the person stop
convulsing
• DO NOT give anything by mouth until
he/she is fully awake and alert
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Headache
• Most common pain
complaint
• May indicate an
underlying disorder
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What to do for Headache
• Most headaches are treated with
painkillers, as prescribed by doctors
• Stay in a cool and quiet environment
• Apply cold compress on painful area
• Rest
• Drink plenty of water
• Avoid stressors
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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When to seek medical help
• If headache persists
• Headache with stiff neck, vomiting
• Headache with numbness and weakness
of arms or legs and difficulty speaking
• Headache after head injury
• With difficulty of breathing
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Nosebleed
• Bleeding from the
nose
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Common Causes of Nosebleeding
• Injury / trauma
• Disease / medical
conditions
• Extremes in
environmental
temperature
• Changes in altitude
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What to do for Nosebleed
• Calm the victim; have him sit with
head lean forward
• Pinch victim’s nose; have him
breathe through mouth
• Apply ice pack on nose bridge,
forehead
• Don’t let victim rub, blow or pick
nose after bleeding stops
• Persistent bleeding: bring victim to
hospital
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Module 3:
Environmental Injuries
Session 1: Allergies
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(SFA)
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Objectives
At the end of this session, the participants should be
able to:
• Identify the causes of allergic reactions;
• Differentiate signs and symptoms of mild and
severe allergic reactions; and
• Apply appropriate first aid for persons suffering
from allergic reactions.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Allergic reaction
• over-reaction of
protective mechanisms
to substances that are
normally harmless
• can be mild or
life-threatening
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Triggers of allergic reactions
• Food
• Medications
• Chemicals
• Insect bites, stings
• Plants
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Allergic reaction: signs & symptoms
Mild Severe (Anaphylaxis)
• Sneezing • shock causing pale skin,
• itchy, runny nose causing dizziness
irritation, persistent • loss of consciousness
cough • Respiratory difficulty
• itchy, tingling, or burning (Hoarseness, wheezing)
flushing of the skin • Cardiovascular effects
• skin hives (hypotension and fast
• swelling of face, neck, pulse)
hands, feet and / or
tongue
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What to do for allergic reaction
• Assess ABCs
• Call for emergency medical assistance
• Remove the potential source of the allergic
reaction
• Assist the person in taking anti-allergy
medications
• Have the patient rest calmly
• Provide fresh air
• Help patient lie down
• Loosen tight clothing
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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For Anaphylaxis
• Inject the pre-filled EpiPen.
• When the person with
anaphylaxis does not
respond to the initial dose,
and arrival of advanced
care is expected to exceed
5 to 10 minutes, repeat
dose may be considered.
http://www.pinsdaddy.com/
emergency-epinephrine-syringe
Reference: AHA 2015 guidelines
(eccguidelines.heart.org)
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Module 4:
Trauma Injuries
Session 1: Wounds
Standard First Aid
(SFA)
01/28/25
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Objectives
At the end of this session, the participants
should be able to:
•Identify the various types of wounds.
•Explain the principles behind the first aid
interventions for wounds.
•Apply first aid to persons with wounds.
•Recognize life-threatening bleeding.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Wounds
• Injuries to soft tissue
that damages the skin
and the structures
underlying it
• First aid depends on
types of wound:
- Closed
- Open
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Closed wounds
- No break on the surface of
the skin
- Application of external
forces
• bruise, contusion
• redness
• swelling
• hematoma
• severe bruising =
possible internal
bleeding
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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First aid for closed wounds
• Cold compress done within 15
(range to 20 mins) every 20
minutes until referred
• Cold compress done within 15
(range of 10-20 mins) minutes
every 2 hours on the first 24
hours, for home remedies
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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First aid for closed wounds
• Hot compress for 15 minutes
3x a day after 24 hours
• Keep affected part elevated
when possible
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Open wounds
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Abrasion
Clinical Presentations,
Signs and Symptoms:
•affects the top layer of
the skin
•priority: prevent infection
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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First Aid Intervention:
•Wash with soap & water
•Apply mild antiseptic
•Keep surface exposed
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Laceration
Clinical Presentations, Signs and Symptoms:
•tear on surface of the skin
•more severe bleeding
•goal: control bleeding
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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First Aid Intervention:
•Wash with large amounts
of clean water
•Control bleeding by direct
pressure using clean
dressing
•For persistent bleeding:
apply 2nd dressing over
first; use elastic bandage
•Bring victim to health care
facility
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Incision
Clinical
Presentation, Signs
and Symptoms
•Cut or wound of body
tissue caused by
sharp edged object or
material
•Synonyms: gash,
laceration, rent, rip,
slash, slit, tear
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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First Aid Intervention:
•Wash with large amounts of clean water
•Control bleeding by direct pressure using clean
dressing
•Persistent bleeding: apply 2nd dressing over first;
elastic bandage
•Bring victim to health care facility
•First aid intervention for incision will be the same
as for laceration
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Module 4:
Trauma Injuries
Session 2: Burns
Standard First Aid
(SFA)
01/28/25
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Objectives
After completing this session, the participants
will be able to:
•Recognize the various types of burns.
•Apply appropriate first aid to victims of burn
injuries.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Burns
• due to large amounts
of heat energy
absorbed by the skin
• very painful
• can cause scarring
• severe burns death
• recognizing type of
burn correct first aid
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Causes of Burns
• Thermal Burns - sun exposure; contact with fire,
very hot/very cold objects, liquids or gases;
blasts, fireballs
• Electrical Burns - direct contact with live electrical
currents or lightning
• Chemical Burns - direct contact with corrosive
substances
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Depth of Burns
• First-degree burn (superficial)
• Second-degree burn (partial thickness)
• Third-degree burn (full thickness)
• Fourth-degree burn (full thickness involving
the bones, fat, and/or muscles)
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First-degree burns
• redness; no blisters
• painful
• can be swollen
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Second-degree burns
• moist
• redness
• swollen
• has blisters
• very painful
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Third-degree burns
• dry, leathery
• white, dark brown
or charred
• hard to touch
• numb
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Fourth-degree burns
• Injury extends to all
layers of the skin
• Often there is no pain
• burnt area is stiff
• Healing typically does
not occur on its own
• Injury to deeper
tissues, such
as muscle, tendons,
or bone
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First Aid for First-degree and
Second-degree burns
•Quickly remove victim from burn source
•Remove clothing over burnt area except if stuck to
the skin
•Immerse affected area in room-temperature water
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First Aid for First-degree and
Second-degree burns
•Apply burn ointment
•Encourage victim to drink plenty of liquids
•Do NOT prick blisters of second-degree burns
•Do NOT apply ice directly to a burn, it can produce
tissue ischemia.
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First Aid for Third-degree and
Fourth-degree burns
• Assess ABCs and manage accordingly
• Cover burned area with clean, loose sterile
dressing
• Check nose and mouth for soot and ash
• Bring victim to health care facility
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First Aid for Chemical Burns
For wet chemicals
• Remove victim from source. Blot it off the victim’s
skin.
• Flush the affected area with water for at least 20
minutes
• Do NOT apply anything on the affected area
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First Aid for Chemical Burns
For dry chemicals
• Brush off the chemical
• Do NOT use your bare hands
• Flush with water for at least 20 minutes
• Remove all contaminated clothing
• Bring victim to health care facility
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First Aid for Electrical Burns
• Turn off the power source. Do NOT attempt to turn
it off if it is not accessible. Do NOT attempt to go
near the person if the power source is not yet
turned off.
• Quickly separate the victim from the source of the
electric current.
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First Aid for Electrical Burns
• Assess the victim’s responsiveness.
• Provide first aid to any open wound.
• Bring victim to appropriate health care facility i.e.
with Burn Unit immediately.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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