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APA style and format - bookshelf

This document provides an overview of APA Style, which is a set of guidelines established by the American Psychological Association to standardize written communication in the behavioral and social sciences. It covers key aspects such as manuscript structure, writing style, citing references, and the importance of crediting sources. The document also includes basic rules for in-text citations and reference lists, aimed at simplifying the writing process and enhancing readability.

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2 views

APA style and format - bookshelf

This document provides an overview of APA Style, which is a set of guidelines established by the American Psychological Association to standardize written communication in the behavioral and social sciences. It covers key aspects such as manuscript structure, writing style, citing references, and the importance of crediting sources. The document also includes basic rules for in-text citations and reference lists, aimed at simplifying the writing process and enhancing readability.

Uploaded by

Dengdeng A Abo Rsw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

THE APA STYLE AND

FORMAT
(Purdue OWL)

Contributors:
Joshua M. Paiz Elizabeth Angeli
Jodi Wagner Elena Lawrick
Kristen Moore Michael Anderson
Lars Soderlund Allen Brizee
Russell Keck
Last Edited:
MAY 30, 2012
12:19:58
Note:

This presentation should answer most of


your basic questions about using APA Style.

However, if you are writing a complex


document such as a thesis or lengthy
manuscript, or if you have detailed questions,
you should consult
The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th edition).
Let’s start!
The Basics

APA is an acronym. An acronym is a group


of letters which are the initial letters of
words. The question:
What are the words behind the acronym?

American
Psychological
Association
American Psychological
Association
• Launched in 1929 the Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association
designed to advance scholarship by
setting sound and rigorous standards in
scientific communication
• Established a simple set of procedures,
called the style rules, to increase the ease
of reading comprehension of scientific
writings.
• The APA style is born.
APA Style

• Originally used by psychologists,


anthropologists and business managers
• Now, it is consulted not only by
psychologists but also by students and
researchers in
Education
Social Work
Nursing
Business, and
Other behavioral and social sciences
What is APA Style?

• APA Style establishes standards of


written communication concerning:
 the organization of content
 writing style
 citing references
 and how to prepare a manuscript for
publication in certain disciplines.
Why use APA?
• Simplify the work of editors by having everyone
use the same format for a given publication
• Make it easier for readers to understand a text
by providing a familiar structure they can follow
• Provide readers with cues they can use to follow
your ideas and to locate information of interest
to them
• Allow readers to focus more on your ideas
• Establish your credibility or ethos in the field by
demonstrating an awareness of your audience
and their needs as fellow researchers
What is in the APA Style?

The Publication Manual contains

Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

Manuscript Structure Writing Clearly and Concisely

The Mechanics of Style Displaying Results

Crediting Sources Reference Examples

The Publication Process


Seminar-Workshop on
Thesis Proposal Writing
This presentation will focus on crediting the
sources of the information and other literature
reviews that you will include in your paper.
In-Text Citations: The Basics Reference List: Basic Rules
•Addresses the basic •Guides you through the general
formatting requirements of rules that apply to any
using the APA Style for reference list
citing secondary sources •Covers everything from where
within the text of your essay the reference list appears to the
•Provides guidance on how capitalization of words in the
to incorporate different titles of sources
kinds of references to •Serves as a primer on
borrowed material, from formatting that will be followed
short quotes to summaries in all of the following handouts
or paraphrases
General APA Guidelines

• Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on


standard-sized paper
• There should be 1" margins on all sides
• You should use a clear font that is highly
readable
• APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New
Roman font.

• The CCSPC format: 12 pt. Bookman


Old Style
Crediting the Source

When to Cite?
•Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas,
theories, or research have directly influenced
your work.
•They may provide key background information,
support or dispute your thesis, or offer critical
definitions and data.

•Citation of an article implies that


you have personally read the cited
work.
In-Text Citations: The
Basics

THE RULE:
Follow the
AUTHOR-DATE METHOD
of in-text-citation.
Example
Left-handers make up 8% to 13% of most human
populations, with left-handedness more common in men
than in women (Gilbert & Wysocki, 1992; McManus, 1991).
Secondary school and university students engaged in
"interactive" sports such as tennis and basketball are
significantly more likely to be left-handed than those
engaged in "noninteractive“ sports such as swimming or
rowing, or than those in the general population (Grouios,
Tsorbatzoudis, Alexandris, & Barkoukis, 2000; Raymond et
aI., 1996). One possible explanation for this handedness
bias is that left-handers are better than right-handers at
some visuomotor tasks, as has been invoked to explain the
left-handed bias among elite tennis players (Holtzen,
20001.
In-text Citations

• Short Quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you
will need to include the author, year of
publication, and the page number for the
reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the
quotation with a signal phrase that includes
the author's last name followed by the date
of publication in parentheses.
Ex.:
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had
difficulty using APA style, especially when it was
their first time" (p. 199).
In-text Citations

Other styles:
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA
style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for
teachers?
If the author is not named in a signal
phrase, place the author's last name, the
year of publication, and the page
number in parentheses after the
quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style"


(Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation
as to why.
In-text Citations

• Long Quotations
Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or
longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines.
Omit quotation marks.
Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch
from the left margin.
Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and
indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph
within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin.
Maintain double-spacing throughout.
The parenthetical citation should come after the
closing punctuation mark.
Example

Jones's (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time citing sources.

This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that

many students failed to purchase a style manual or to

ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)


In-Text Citations: Author/Authors

A Work by Two Authors:


Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the
parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the
word "and" between the authors' names within the
text.
Examples:

Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...

(Wegener & Petty, 1994) Use the


ampersand in the
parentheses.
In-Text Citations:
Author/Authors
A Work by Three to Five Authors

(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow,


1993)

In subsequent citations:
(Kernis et al., 1993)
In et al., et should
not be followed
by a period.
In-Text Citations:
Author/Authors
Organization as an Author
According to the American Psychological
Association (2000),…

Two or More Works in the Same


Parentheses
(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

Authors with the Same Last Name


(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
Reference List: Basic
Rules

• Your reference list should appear at the


end of your paper.
• It provides the information necessary for
a reader to locate and retrieve any source
you cite in the body of the paper.
• Each source you cite in the paper must
appear in your reference list; likewise,
each entry in the reference list must be
cited in your text.
Reference List: Basic
Rules
• Authors' names are inverted (last name first)
• All lines after the first line of each entry in
your reference list should be indented one-half
inch from the left margin. This is called
hanging indentation.
• Reference list entries should be alphabetized
by the last name of the first author of each
work.
• For multiple articles by the same author, or
authors listed in the same order, list the
entries in chronological order, from earliest to
Reference List: Basic
Rules

• When referring to books, chapters, articles, or


Web pages, capitalize only the first letter of
the first word of a title and subtitle, the first
word after a colon or a dash in the title, and
proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter
of the second word in a hyphenated compound
word.
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes
around the titles of shorter works such as
journal articles or essays in edited collections.
Reference List:
Author/Authors
Single Author
•Last name first, followed by author initials.
Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social
development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11,
7-10.

Two Authors
•List by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand
instead of "and."
Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management
across affective states: The hedonic contingency
hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66,
1034-1048.
Reference List:
Author/Authors
Organization as Author
American Psychological Association. (2003).

Unknown Author
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).
(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Two or More Works by the Same Author


Berndt, T. J. (1981).

Berndt, T. J. (1999).
Thank you!

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