Scribd
Upload
7 views

Chi-Square_Test_Notes

The Chi-Square Test is a statistical method used to assess the association between categorical variables, with two main types: Test for Independence and Goodness-of-Fit Test. Key steps include stating hypotheses, calculating expected values, and interpreting the χ² value and p-value to determine significance. It is essential to meet assumptions regarding data type and independence, and while the test is easy to use, it has limitations such as sensitivity to small expected frequencies.

Uploaded by

dip-law-04-24
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views

Chi-Square_Test_Notes

The Chi-Square Test is a statistical method used to assess the association between categorical variables, with two main types: Test for Independence and Goodness-of-Fit Test. Key steps include stating hypotheses, calculating expected values, and interpreting the χ² value and p-value to determine significance. It is essential to meet assumptions regarding data type and independence, and while the test is easy to use, it has limitations such as sensitivity to small expected frequencies.

Uploaded by

dip-law-04-24
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Chi-Square Test: A Simple Guide

Understanding, Calculation, and


Interpretation
What is Chi-Square Test?
• • A statistical test to determine association
between categorical variables.
• • Types:
• 1. Test for Independence
• 2. Goodness-of-Fit Test
Assumptions of Chi-Square Test
• 1. Data must be categorical.
• 2. Observations should be independent.
• 3. Expected frequency in each category should
be ≥ 5.
Chi-Square Formula
• Formula:
• χ² = Σ (O - E)² / E

• Where:
• O = Observed frequency
• E = Expected frequency
• Larger differences → Higher χ² value
Steps to Perform Chi-Square Test
• 1. State Hypotheses
• 2. Create Observed Table
• 3. Calculate Expected Values
• 4. Compute Chi-Square Value
• 5. Find Degrees of Freedom (df)
• 6. Compare with Critical Value or p-value
• 7. Make a Conclusion
Degrees of Freedom (df)
• Formula:
• df = (rows - 1) × (columns - 1)

• Example: 3 rows, 4 columns → (3-1)(4-1) = 6


df
Interpreting Output Values
• 1. χ² Value: Extent of difference
• 2. p-value:
• - p ≤ 0.05 → Significant (Reject H₀)
• - p > 0.05 → Not significant (Fail to reject H₀)
• 3. Compare with critical value
Example Interpretation
• Given data (Gender vs Coffee Preference):
• df = 1, χ² = 9
• Critical value (α=0.05) = 3.841
• Conclusion: Significant relationship exists.
What If df = 9?
• • Critical values for df = 9:
• - α = 0.05: 16.92
• - α = 0.01: 21.67
• • Compare χ² with critical values.
Advantages and Limitations
• Advantages:
• - Easy to use and interpret
• - Works for categorical data

• Limitations:
• - Sensitive to small expected values
• - No causation, only association
Common Mistakes to Avoid
• 1. Using chi-square on numerical data
• 2. Ignoring small expected frequencies
• 3. Misinterpreting p-value
• 4. Not ensuring data independence
Conclusion
• • Chi-square tests relationships in categorical
data.
• • Check assumptions before applying.
• • Correct interpretation is key.

You might also like