Chapter 3: Decision and

Repetition Statements

Daniel Tesfay (MSc)

Master of Engineer in ICT Convergence

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 Overview of Java statements

– Types of Statements in Java

– A statement specifies an action in a Java program, such
as assigning the sum of x and y to z, printing a message
to the standard output, writing data to a file, etc.
– Statements in Java can be broadly classified in to three
categories:
1. Declaration Statement
2. Expression Statement
3. Control flow Statement
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 Declaration Statement

• A declaration statement is used to declare a variable.

For example
– int num;
– int num2=100;
– String str;
– float area;

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 Expression Statement

• An expression with a semicolon at the end is called

an expression statement. For example,
– num++; // increment expression
– num=100; // assignment expression
– someMethod(par1, par2); // Method invocation
expressions

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 Control Flow Statement

– By default, all statements in a Java program are

executed in the order they appear in the program.
– Sometimes you may want to execute a set of
statements repeatedly for a number of times or as
long as a particular condition is true.
– All of these are possible in Java using control flow
statements. If block, while loop, and for loop
statements are examples of control flow statements.
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 Decision Making Statements

• There are two types of decision making statements in

Java. They are:
– If statements
– Switch statements
• The IF Statement
– An if statement consists of a Boolean expression
followed by one or more statements.
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Syntax:
if(Boolean_expression)
{
// Statements will
execute if the
Boolean expression is
true
}
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 If statement example

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 The if----else Statement

– An if statement can be followed by an optional

else statement , which executes when the
Boolean expression is false.
– Syntax

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 If----else example

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 The if...else if...else Statement

• An if statement can be followed by an optional else if...else statement,

which is very useful to test various conditions using single if...else if
statement.
• When using if , else if , else statements there are few points to keep in
mind.
– An if can have zero or one else's and it must come after any else if’s.
– An if can have zero to many else if's and they must come before the
else.
– Once an else if succeeds, none of the remaining else if's or else's will
be tested.
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• Syntax :

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 if ---else if----else example

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 Nested if...else Statement:

– It is always legal to nest if-else statements which means

you can use one if or else if statement inside another if or
else if statement.
– Syntax

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 Nested If statement example

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 The switch Statement

– A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for

equality against a list of values.
– Each value is called a case, and the variable being switched
on is checked for each case.
– Syntax:

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• The following rules apply to a switch statement:
– The variable used in a switch statement can only be a byte, short, int, or char.
– You can have any number of case statements within a switch. Each case is
followed by the value to be compared to and a colon.
– The value for a case must be the same data type as the variable in the switch
and it must be a constant or a literal.
– When the variable being switched on is equal to a case, the statements
following that case will execute until a break statement is reached.
– When a break statement is reached, the switch terminates, and the flow of
control jumps to the next line following the switch statement.
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 Switch Statement Demo

• It takes an integer user

input
• It returns the string
equivalent of the given
numeric month

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– Not every case needs to contain a break. If no break
appears, the flow of control will fall through to
subsequent cases until a break is reached.
– A switch statement can have an optional default case,
which must appear at the end of the switch.
– The default case can be used for performing a task when
none of the cases is true.
– No break is needed in the default case
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 Loop Control

– There may be a situation when we need to execute

a block of code several number of times, and is
often referred to as a loop.
– Java has very flexible three looping mechanisms.
You can use one of the following three loops:
1. while Loop
2. do...while Loop
3. for Loop
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 The while Loop
– A while loop is a control structure that allows you to repeat a task a
certain number of times.
– Syntax :

– When executing, if the boolean_expression result is true, then the

actions inside the loop will be executed.
– This will continue as long as the expression result is true.

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– key point of the while loop is that the loop might
not ever run.
– When the expression is tested and the result is
false, the loop body will be skipped and the first
statement after the while loop will be executed.

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 While loop example

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 The do...while Loop

• A do...while loop is similar to a while loop, except that a

do...while loop is guaranteed to execute at least one time.
• Syntax:

• Notice that the Boolean expression appears at the end of

the loop, so the statements in the loop execute once before
the Boolean is tested.
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• If the Boolean expression is true, the flow of control
jumps back up to do, and the statements in the loop
execute again. This process repeats until the Boolean
expression is false.

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 The for Loop
– A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a
loop that needs to execute a specific number of times.
– A for loop is useful when you know how many times a task is to be repeated.
– Syntax

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• flow of control in a for loop
 The initialization step is executed first, and only once.
 Next, the Boolean expression is evaluated. If it is true, the body of the loop is
executed. If it is false, the body of the loop does not execute and flow of control
jumps to the next statement past the for loop.
 After the body of the for loop executes, the flow of control jumps back up to the
update statement.
 This statement allows you to update any loop control variables.
 The Boolean expression is now evaluated again. If it is true, the loop executes and
the process repeats itself (body of loop, then update step, then Boolean
expression). After the Boolean expression is false, the for loop terminates.
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 For loop example

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 Enhanced for loop in Java

– As of Java 5, the enhanced for loop was introduced. This is mainly used for Arrays
– Syntax

– Declaration: The newly declared block variable, which is of a type compatible with
the elements of the array you are accessing. The variable will be available within the
for block and its value would be the same as the current array element.
– Expression: This evaluates to the array you need to loop through. The expression
can be an array variable or method call that returns an array.
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 Enhanced For Loop example

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 The break Keyword

– The break keyword is used to stop the entire loop.

– The break keyword must be used inside any loop
or a switch statement.
– The break keyword will stop the execution of the
innermost loop and start executing the next line of
code after the block.
– Syntax:
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 Break Test

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 The continue Keyword

• The continue keyword can be used in any of the loop

control structures. It causes the loop to immediately
jump to the next iteration of the loop.
 In a for loop, the continue keyword causes flow of control to immediately jump to
the update statement.
 In a while loop or do/while loop, flow of control immediately jumps to the Boolean
expression.
 Syntax
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 Continue

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 Java array

Array and Array List

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 Java Array
– An array is a collection of similar type of elements that have a
contiguous memory location.
– Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type .
It is a data structure where we store similar elements .
– We can store only a fixed set of elements in a Java array.
– Array in java is index-based

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• Advantages
– Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we
can retrieve or sort the data efficiently.
– Random access: we can get any data located at an
index position.
• Disadvantage
– Size Limit: we can store a fixed size of elements in an
array. It doesn’t grow its size at runtime.
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 Types of array in Java
– One Dimensional Array
– Multidimensional Array
• One Dimensional Array in Java

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 Example

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 Example 2

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 Multidimensional Array

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 Multidimensional Array

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 ArrayList
– Dynamic sized arrays in Java that implement List interface.
– It is part of collection framework in java.
– ArrayList has a set of Methods to access elements and modify them.
– Syntax

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 Package statement

– import java.util.List; // import just the List

interface
– import java.util.ArrayList; // import just the ArrayList
class
– Another option is to import everything at the same
level in a package using import packageName.*.
– import java.util.*;
• // import everything including List and ArrayList
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 common methods of class ArrayList<T>.

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 add() method of ArrayList

– add(E e): The add(E e) method is used to add the specified element e in
the ArrayList.
– add(int index, E e): The add(int index, E e) method is used to add the
specified element at a specific position in the ArrayList.
– addAll(Collection c): The addAll(Collection c) is used to add the
collection of elements to the end of the ArrayList.
– addAll(int index, Collection c): The addAll(int index, Collection c) is
used to add the collection of elements at specified position in the
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 ArrayListTest

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 Example 2

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End of Chapter Three

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CHAPTER FOUR

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