Part I

Introduction
 What is computer?
•A computer is programmable electronic device that
manipulates information, or "data."
•It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
•Computer is not very intelligent device but, handles
instructions flawlessly and fast;
•It is accurate, suited for repetitive work; and can store
large amount of data and performs complex calculations.
 Types of computer
• Based on their shape, size and processing speed
computers can be classified as:
• Super computer
• are the largest, most powerful, fast and most expensive
computers
• Main frame computer
• Are needed to process large number of transactions online
and have massive data storage and processing power
• Mini computer
• can be accessed by more than one user at a time and are
large and more powerful than micros
• Micro computer
• Are PC’s which are small single user computer system based
on a microprocessor
 Characteristics of Computers

• Computers can be described by the following

characteristics.
1. Storage
2. Speed
3. Accuracy
4. Diligences
5. Versatility
6. Lack of decision-making

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 Computer Function

•There are only four basic functions that a computer can perform.
 Data processing: The data may take a wide variety of form, but only a few
fundamental methods or types of data processing.
 Data storage: There are long-term or short, temporary storage.
 Data movement
Input/Output: When data are received from or delivered to a
peripheral, a device connected directly to the computer.
Data communication: When data is moved over longer distances, to or
from a remote device.
 Control: Control of the above functions, by instructions provided by the user
of the computer (i.e. their programs)
 Structural components
There are four main structural components in the internal
structure of the computer:
1. Central processing unit (CPU)
2. Main memory
3. I/O
Moves data between the computer and its external
environment
4. System interconnection
provides communication among CPU, main memory and I/O
 Components of
Computer
All types of computers consist of two basic parts:
Hardware
 is any part of your computer that has a physical
structure, such as the computer monitor or keyboard.
Software
 is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what
to do.
 It guides the hardware and tells it how to accomplish
each task.
 Some examples of software are web browsers, games,
and word processors such as Microsoft Word.
 Basic Computer
Hardware System

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 Input Devices
• Input basically means getting data into the computer to be
processed.
• An input device is any HW device that sends data to the
computer
• Basic input devices:
– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Scanner
– Digital Camera
– Microphone
– Light Pen
– Touch Screen
– Trackball
– Touch Pad 9
 Keyboard
• Keyboard is the most common input device
• Apart from alphabet and numeral keys, it has
other function keys for performing different
functions.

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 Mouse
• It’s a pointing device.
• The mouse is rolled over the mouse pad,
which in turn controls the movement of the
cursor in the screen.
• We can click, double click or drag the mouse.

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 Scanner
• Scanners are used to enter information directly
in to the computers memory.
• The scanner converts any type of printed or
written information including photographs into
digital pulses, which can be manipulated by
the computer.

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 Digital Camera

• It converts graphics directly into digital form.

• It looks like an ordinary camera

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 Output Devices
• Output basically means getting data out of the computer.
• An output device is any peripheral device that converts
machine-readable information into people-readable form
• Basic output devices:
– Monitor
– Printer
– Speakers
– Projector
– Plotter
– Headphones
– Fax and Modem output device.
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 Monitor
• Modern computer's main way of outputting
data is through its monitor.
• Monitors may be CRTs, flat-panel LCD
screens or touch screens.

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 Printers
• Printer Produce a physical form of output.
• Printers can be:
– Impact printers, such as dot matrix, where letters or
characters are produced through a series of dots printed onto
the paper.
– Non-impact printers, such as a laser printer, where powder
is discharged from a cartridge inside the printer to make up
the characters or letters to be printed; an ink-jet printer (or
bubble jet), where ink is discharged onto the paper to create
the letters or characters.
– Non-impact printers are more expensive to maintain and
operate than an impact printer and they provide a good result.

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 Speakers
• Output data in audio format, including music,
movie audio and text-to-speech output.
• Speakers are not usually necessary, but may
enhance the computing experience.
• Headphones are also a type of speaker.

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 Projector
• Projector is an output device that can take the
display of a computer screen and project a
large version of it onto a flat surface.
• Projectors are often used in meetings and
presentations.

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 Plotters
• Plotter is an output device that used to draw
graphic images on paper.

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 PC components
• Computer case • Hard disk
• Mother board • CD-ROM drive
• Processor • Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)
• A CPU socket or CPU slot • CMOS (complementary
• Heat Sink metal-oxide-semiconductor)
• Fun • Capacitor
• Coil • Transistor
• Random Access Memory • Chipset
(RAM) • Jumper
• Memory socket or RAM slot • Video Card
• Read Only Memory (ROM) • Sound Card
• Expansion Slots • Ports and Connectors
• Power supply
 Computer case
• The computer case contains the most important
components of the computer: inside the case
such as
• Motherboard
– CPU, RAM, Cache, ROM chips with BIOS, Chip sets,
ports, buses and expansion slots
• Drives
– Hard disk drive
– Floppy disk drive
– CD-ROM drive
• Power supply etc.
 Motherboard
• Motherboard is the base of the modern computer system
• If the processor is the brain of the computer, then the
motherboard is the central nervous system and circulatory
system
• It is the main circuit board in the computer where everything
comes together
– To plug in processor, memory, cache, video card, sound card, NIC,
modem card, etc
– To connect all the peripherals
• Good understanding of motherboard is the most critical part
of getting a good understanding of how PCs work in general
• Generally motherboard is a computer’s primary circuit.
• The board contains most of the computer’s basic
components.
Motherboard Design
Motherboard
 Types of motherboard
• There are two types of motherboard that basically
describe the shape and size of the motherboards,
as well as the layout of the components on the
board.
– AT type:
• An old type of motherboard that has a b keyboard port, and
two small separated power connectors [p8 & P9].
• It is very huge (in size) and has more expansion slots.
– ATX type:
• The modern type of motherboard which, has a small
keyboard port and one big power connector [P1].
• It is modern, has less expansion slot and very compact in
size.
 AT type Motherboard
• The board consists of advanced technology(AT)
power connectors
– It is very huge(in size)
– More expansion slots
 ATX type Motherboard
• The ATX connector on the motherboard consists
of a single connector
– It is modern
– Less expansion slot
– Very compact
 Microprocessor
• Processor is often thought of as the "engine" of
the computer.
• It's also called the CPU (central processing unit).
• The Central Processing Unit performs all the
calculations that take place inside a PC.
– It is an ACTION Taker.
• In other words, it is the brain of the computer
that takes in data, processes it and gives it out
again.
• CPU controls every task in the system
 Microprocessor
• Best CPU Maker Company: Intel, AMD,
PowerPC, ARM
• The Type of CPU manufacturer
Pentium intel
Celeron intel
Athlon AMD
Duron AMD
Microprocessor Design
 CPU slot
• CPU slot is a mechanical component(s) that
provides mechanical and electrical connections
between a microprocessor and a printed circuit
board (PCB).
 Heat Sink
• A heat sink is a device that is attached to a microprocessor
chip to keep it from overheating by absorbing its heat and
dissipating it into the air.
• Generally, a microprocessor's temperature should not run
in excess of 50-55 degrees Celsius while under a full load.
• In Intel computers, the heat sink is positioned either on
top of the microprocessor (in computers with a ZIF socket)
or on the side of it (in later Pentiums in which the
microprocessor fits into a Slot 1 interface).
• To ensure that the heat sink can absorb as much heat as
possible, thermal grease is used to create a seal between
the two devices.
 Fans
• The fans are added to prevent the computer
from overheating
• Every computer has a cooling fan inside the
case, designed primarily to prevent the CPU
from overheating.
• Cooling fans may bring cool air into the
computer, draw hot air out of the computer, or
as part of a heat sink, which is a special product
designed to draw heat away from a particular
computer component.
Fans
 Coil
• Short for electromagnetic coil, a coil is a
conductor wire such as copper in a cylindrical
form around an iron core that creates an
inductor or electromagnet to store magnetic
energy.
• Coils are often used to remove power spikes
and dips from power.
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
• The RAM is a memory storage that
functions during computer use and is
especially utilized by the processor.
• It stores data temporarily.
• Anything stored on a RAM will be erased
when the computer is turned off.
• Therefore, the contents must be saved
on to storage devices [on hard disk or
flash disk].
 RAM
• When the computer is started, the operating
system is loaded into the RAM (an operating
system is a program that controls the devices
and programs in a computer.
• If there is enough RAM, the computer
executes requested tasks quickly.
 Memory socket or RAM slot
• A RAM slot is what allows computer memory
(RAM) to be inserted into the computer.
• Depending on the motherboard, there may be 2
to 4 memory slots (sometimes more on high-end
motherboards).
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
• ROM is a type of storage medium that
permanently stores data on personal computers
(PCs) and other electronic devices.
• It contains the programming needed to start a
PC, which is essential for boot-up; it performs
major input/output tasks and holds programs
or software instructions.
• Because ROM is read-only,
– it cannot be changed;
– it is permanent and non-volatile,
• holds its memory even when power is removed.
 RAM modules

• SIMM: - Single Inline Memory Module.

– It is a type of memory stick found in 486 (old) and some Pentium
systems.
– It has a single line of connectors.
– Connectors on each side of the Board are the same
• DIMM: - stands for Dual Inline Memory Module.
– It is faster in speed and better in capacity.
– It has 2 lines of connectors.
– Connectors on each side of the board are not connected
• Remember the four type of RAM:
– 30pin SIMMs = 8 bit in wide.
– 72pin SIMMs = 32 bit in wide.
– 168pin DIMMs = 64 bit in wide.
– 72pin DIMMs = 32 bit in wide (for laptop)
 Expansion cards
• An expansion card is an electronic card/board that is used to
add extra functionality to a computer.
• It is inserted into an expansion slot on the motherboard of a
computer.
• An expansion card can be:
– Video card

– Network card

– Modem card

– Sound card
 Expansion Slots
• An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard
that is used to insert an expansion card (or circuit
board), which provides additional features to a
computer such as video, sound, advanced
graphics, Ethernet or memory.
• There are three main types of expansion
standards:
– ISA
– PCI
– AGP
 ISA-Industry Standard Architecture
• ISA slots are black in color, long, slow speed
and old type architecture.
• 8-bit and 16-bit wide lSA are common types of
architecture
 PCl
• PCI slots are white in color, short, faster than
lSA and modern type architecture.
• 32-bit [old type] and 64 bit wide PCl are
common types of architecture.
 AGP-Accelerated Graphics Port
• AGP slots are brown in color, very short, faster
speed and it is only designed for modern
graphic [video] cards.
• 64-bit wide is a common AGP slot and it is only
found in Pentium II system and above.
 Video Card
• Unless the motherboard comes with a built-in
video card, we will have to install a separate
video card into the computer system.
• Graphic or video cards are typically needed to
deal with PC gaming, high definition video and
multiple displays.
• It is also referred to as a:
– Graphics accelerator card,
– Display adapter,
– Graphics card, and numerous other terms
Video Card Design
 Sound Card
• Sound cards enable the computer to output,
record and manipulate sound.
• Now it is common to have a built-in sound card
on motherboards, when talking about personal
computers.
 Port
• In computer hardware, a port serves as an
interface between the computer and other
computers or peripheral devices.
– Power connection port (A)
– Display connection port (B)
– Network connector port (C)
– USB ports (D)
– Audio ports (E)
 Serial port

• This port transfers data at a rate of 1-bit at a

time.
• It is a 9-pin male sockets
• It is commonly used to connect mouse and
external modem.
• The windows system refers this port as COM 1
and COM 2.
 Parallel port
• This port transfers data at a rate of 8-bit at a
time.
• It is a 25-pin female socket
• It is commonly used to connect printer,
scanner and external devices (Hard disk and
CD-drive].
 Audio port
• If your motherboard has a built-in sound card,
you will get one or more outlets for speaker
and microphone.
• The Audio equipment use a mini-audio
connector: [jack] to the audio port.
 Video port
VGA
– It is a 15-pin [female port] in three rows socket.
– It is used to connect the PC’s monitor
– The display port is usually in the back panel of the computer.
– The following double image shows an older VGA port and a newer
so-called DVI (Digital Visual Interface) port.
– These most computers use a DVI connector for relaying the image
to an external display (the upper connector and the white cable in
the image Above).

HDMI
– High Definition Multimedia Interface
– HDMI, is a connector and cable, capable of transmitting high-
quality and high-bandwidth streams of audio and video between
devices
 PS/2

• Often referred to as the mouse port or keyboard

port, the PS/2 port was developed by IBM and is
used to connect a computer mouse or
keyboard to an IBM compatible computer.
• The PS/2 port is a mini DIN plug that contains six
pins and is still sometimes found on all IBM
compatible computers.
 Modem connector
• It is a 4-pin socket
• The RJ -11 connector is used to connect the
modem interface to telephone line via a cable
 Network connector
• It is an 8-pin socket.
• The RJ-45 connector is used to connect a PC to another
via a network cable.
• In order to use various internet services, you have to
connect your computer to a LAN (Local Area Network);
– this is usually done through a LAN port.
• The LAN socket and cable are easy to recognize due to
their special appearance.
 USB port
• USB means Universal Serial Bus.
• It is the fastest and modern type port.
• It is a 4-pin socket.
• It is used to connect mouse, keyboard,
printer, Scanner, digital camera, external
devices, flash disk etc
 Power connector
• The power connector is generally in the back
panel of the computer.
• The power source of a portable computer is
generally in an external AC adapter, so the
power connector of a portable computer
(below left) is smaller than that of a desktop
computer (below right).
 CMOS
• Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
• CMOS is the term usually used to describe the
small amount of memory on a computer
motherboard that stores the BIOS settings.
• The CMOS is a physical part of
the motherboard:
– it is a memory chip that houses setting
configurations and is powered by the onboard
battery.
 Capacitor
• A capacitor is a small electrical component on your
motherboard that can perform various functions.
• First of all, capacitors condition DC voltage to the
components and thus provide a steady power supply
• Therefore a capacitor is placed in line to the
component, allowing for absorbing of spikes and
supplementing valleys, keeping a constant power
supply to the component.
• Capacitor can store an electronic charge to be
discharged at a later date
 Transistor
• A transistor is a basic electrical component that
alters the flow of electrical current.
• Transistors are the building blocks of integrated
circuits, such as computer processors, or CPUs.
• Since computers operate in binary, and a
transistor's "on" or "off" state can represent a 1
or 0, transistors are suitable for performing
mathematical calculations
 Chipset
• A chipset is a group of integrated circuits
(microchips) that can be used together to serve a
single function and are therefore manufactured
and sold as a unit.
• They are often divided into a multi tiered
architecture referred to as North bridge and
South bridge, as well as a Super I/O chip
 Jumper
• In a computer, a jumper is a pair of prongs that are
electrical contact points set into the computer
motherboard or an adapter card .
• When you set a jumper, you place a plug on the prongs
that completes a contact.
• In effect, the jumper acts as a switch by closing (or
opening) an electrical circuit.
• Jumpers can be added or removed to change the
function or performance of a PC component.
 IDE Cable
• A bus is the physical pathway on the motherboard
• IDE/PATA Drives have usually 40 pins.
• IDE/PATA Drives offer 133 MB/sec transfer rate.
• It sends 8 bit data at a time.
• PATA Cables are used to connect PATA HDD.
• Two drives can be connected in a single PATA cable.
– One as master and other as slave.
– The configuration of master and slave is done by different
combination of jumpers in the hdd.
 SATA
• Serial Advance Technology Attachment Drive
• SATA Drives have usually 7 pins, 4 pins in pair of two for
sending and receiving data and rest 3 pins are grounded.
• SATA Drives offers generally 300MB/sec transfer rate.
• It sends data bit by bit.
• SATA Cables are used to connect SATA HDD.
• Only one drive can be connected in a single SATA cable.
 Hard Disk
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a non volatile
storage device which stores digitally
encoded data on rapidly rotating platters
with magnetic surfaces.
• Commonly referred to as a hard drive,
hard disk or fixed disk drive,
Hard Disk Design
 CD ROM
• CD-ROM (an abbreviation of “Compact
Disk Read Only Memory") is a Compact
Disc that contains data accessible by a
computer.
CD ROM Design
 Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)
• A floppy disk drive (FDD), or floppy drive, is a
hardware device that reads data storage
information.
• It was invented in 1967 by a team at IBM and
was one of the first types of hardware storage
that could read/write a portable device.
 Power Supply
• In a personal computer (PC), the power
supply is the metal box usually found in a
corner of the case.
• The power supply is visible from the back
of many systems because it contains the
power-cord receptacle and the cooling
fan.
Power Supply Design
 Power Supply
• A standard power supply draws power from a
local, Alternating Current (AC) source (usually a
wall outlet) and converts it to 3.3, 5 and 12 volts
direct current (DC), for on-board electronics, and
hard drives.
• Most PC power supplies also provide the system's
cooling and processor fans that keep the machine
from overheating.
• When replacing a power supply, there are three
things to consider: physical size, wattage, and
connectors
 Power Supply
Power-Supply Sizes
• Power supplies are based on the types of case they will
be used in and the types of motherboard connections
they will support
• The older models are known as AT-style, and the newer
ones are known as ATX
Power-Supply Wattage
• Power supplies are rated according to the maximum
sustained power (given in watts) that they can produce.
• A watt is a unit of electrical power equivalent to one
volt-ampere
 Power Supply
Power-Supply Connectors
• Power supplies employ several types of
connectors; all are easy to identify and use.
• On the outside of the computer enclosure, a
standard male AC plug and three-conductor
wire (two power wires and a ground) draws
current from a wall outlet, with a female
connection entering the receptacle in the back
of the power supply
 Power-Supply Connectors

• 20/24 ATX

• ATX P4
 Power-Supply Connectors
• MOLEX

• SATA connector
 Power-Supply Connectors
• PCI Express
– Modern graphics cards need more power, so they
need to power themselves directly from the
power block.
– If your power supply doesn't have an 8-pin
connector, there are 6-to-8 adapters
 Modem
• A device that allows computer information to
be transmitted and received over a
conventional telephone line.
• Modems are most commonly used to connect
to the Internet.
• The word modem comes from combining the
words Modulator and Demodulator.
 Modem
• It converts digital information to analog by
Modulating it on the sending end and
• Demodulating the analog information into digital
information at the receiving end.
• Modems are also known as Data Circuit Terminating
Equipment (DCE) while the computer using the
modem is often referred to as Data Terminal
Equipment (DTE).
• Modems can be:
1. External or
2. Internal (Built in and Modem card)
 Part II

• PC ASSEMBLY
Processor Physical Installation Procedure

• Determine Socket Type

• Orient Processor To Socket

• Open ZIF Socket

• Insert Processor Into Socket

• Check That Chip Is Inserted Fully

• Close ZIF Socket

 Heat sink Installation Procedure

• Attach Fan to Heat Sink

• Apply Heat Sink Compound
• Attach Heat Sink
Memory Physical Installation Procedure

1. Identify Installation Socket

2. Orient Module
3. Insert Module
4. Lock Module Into Place
5. Double-Check Installation
6. Repeat If Necessary: Steps 2 to 5
 Installing a Desktop PC Motherboard
• 1. The first step will be to open the case up
2. Optional) Remove the Motherboard Tray
3. Replace the ATX Connector Plate
4. Determine Motherboard Mounting
Location
5. Install the Motherboard Standoffs
6. Fasten the Motherboard
7. Attach ATX Control Wires
8. Connect the ATX Power Connector
9. (Optional) Replace the Motherboard
Tray
10. Install Any Port Headers
 PART III

• OPERATING SYSTEM
INSTALLATION
 OPERATING SYSTEM INSTALLATION
PROCEDURE
• Turn on the power of your computer
• Press delete/F2 to enter the CMOS Setup
• Setup the Boot Priority (1st Boot – CD, 2nd Boot HDD)
• Press Esc.
• Press F10 (To save setup)
• Insert the Start-up Disk (Windows OS or any other
OS) to CD Rom Drive.
• The Computer Ask Boot CD.., then Press Enter.