Vehicles and their

Specifications
 Automobile

• Automobile is a self propelled vehicle generally driven by [Link]

and it is used for transportation of passengers and goods on ground.
• These are designed to run primarily on road.
• Improved transportation and an improved economy
made the automobile one of the most important
inventions.
Requirements of automobile body The body of a motor vehicle should fulfill
certain
requirements. It should
(i) be light weight.
(ii) have minimum number of components.
(iii) have long fatigue life.
(iv) have uniformly distributed load.
(v) have sufficient space for passengers and luggage.
(vi) have good access to the engine and suspension system.
(vii) have minimum vibrations when the vehicle is running.
(viii) have minimum resistance to air.
(ix) be cheap and easy in manufacturing.
(x) have clear all-round vision through glass areas.
(xi) have an attractive shape and color.
 Classification of Automobile:
• According to purpose:
1. Passenger carriers
2. Goods carriers
• According to Capacity
1. Heavy motor vehicle
2. Light motor vehicle
• According to Fuel Used:
• Petrol
• Diesel
• Gas
• Electric
Classification of Automobile:
• According to Drive:
1. Left hand drive
2. Right hand drive
• According to No of Wheels
1. 2-wheeler
2. 3-wheeler
3. 4-wheeler
4. 6-wheeler
• According to Transmission:
1. Conventional
2. Semi Automatic (Automatic clutch
control)
3. Fully Automatic
 Classification of Automobile:
• According to Driving Axle:
1. Front wheel drive
2. Rear wheel drive
3. Four wheel drive
• According to Ignition:
1. Spark Ignition
2. Compression Ignition
• According to Body Style:
1. Closed cars
2. Open cars
3. Special cars
 According to
Body:
1. Hatchback: Maruti Suzuki Swift, Hyundai i10
2. Sedan: Honda City
3. Coupe: Ferrari 250
4. Van:
5. Truck:
6. Station Wagon:
7. Convertible:
8. SUV/MUV:
 MUV(Multi-Utility
Vehicle).
• MUV/ MPV (Multi utility vehicle/Multi purpose vehicles )are
nothing but people carriers.
• Designed to offer enhanced space and comfort for passenger with two
or three row seating and large doors.
• MUVs mostly be seven-seater and the main purpose is to carry
more passengers with more comfort.
• Mostly Front wheel drive
• E.G. Maruti Ertiga
 SUV (Sport-Utility
Vehicle).
• SUV is "a large vehicle that is designed to be used on rough
surfaces but that is often used on city roads or highways.".
• sport utility vehicle" is "a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a station
wagon but built on a light-truck chassis“
• 4-wheel Drive

• SUV is the lineage and is based on Van and there will be so solid
separation between passenger and cargo compartment.
• E.g. Tata Safari
 Major Components of
Automobile:
1. The Basic structure
2. The Power system
3. Transmission system
4. The steering system
5. The Braking system
6. The auxiliaries
1. Engine 6. Propeller Shaft
2. Flywheel 7. Differential
3. Clutch 8. Drive axle
4. Gear Box 9. Wheels
5. Universal Joints
 The Basic
Structure:
• It consist of following:
1. Frame(chassis): It is the main supporting structure of a vehicle to which all
other components are attached.
2. Suspension system: prevents transmitting shocks on the road to the vehicle to preserve
stability of vehicle. It include the suspension springs and the shock absorbers.
3. Axle: It must be able to sustain the entire weight of the vehicle, cargo and
passengers. The axle must also withstand the accelerated forces of driving and
braking.
4. Wheels: A drive wheel is a wheel of a motor vehicle that transmits force, transforming
torque into tractive force from the tires to the road, causing the vehicle to move.
The powertrain delivers enough torque to the wheel to overcome stationary forces,
resulting in the vehicle moving forwards or backwards.
 Power
System(Engine):
• An engine consists of a cylinder, piston, valves, valve operating mechanism, fuel
feed pump and oil pump, etc. Besides this, an engine requires ignition system
for burning fuel in the engine cylinder.
• It is a source of power.
• It is either SI or CI.

1. Air-Fuel supply: Air fuel mixture is supplied to intake manifold

2. Engine: Converts heat energy of fuel into mechanical energy
3. Exhaust of Gases: Burnt gases are exhausted to cylinder. They are before
release to atmosphere.
Transmission
System:
 Transmission
System:
• The function of transmission system is to transfer power from engine to the wheels of vehicle
• It consist of following
1. Clutch: clutch is the mechanical device which transfers the rotational power from the engine to
the wheels in any manual vehicle. It is used to gradually engage and disengage drive from engine
to wheels.
2. Gearbox: It transmits the engine torque to the wheels and also provides various transmission
ratios to enable the speed of the engine to be adapted to different driving situations.
3. Drive Shaft(propeller Shaft): The function of the drive shaft is to transfer the engine torque
from the gearbox or differential to the wheels. It consist of a universal joints at its ends.
4. Differential: The differential is a system of gears that allows different drive wheels (the wheels
to which power is delivered from the engine) on the same axle to rotate at different speeds,
such as when the car is turning.
 The Steering
System:
• The function of a steering system is to convert the rotary movement of the steering wheel in driver’s hand
into the angular turn of the front wheels on road. It allows the driver to safely and easily control the vehicle's
direction while driving.
• Additionally, the steering system should provide a mechanical advantage over front-wheel steering knuckles,
offering the driver and easy turning of front wheels with minimum effort in any desired direction.
• There are following types of steering system available.
1. Hydraulic: Hydraulic power steering systems work by using a hydraulic system to multiply the force
applied to the steering wheel inputs to the vehicle’s steered (usually front) road wheels.
2. Electric/electronic: Electric/Electronic Steering system is also known as the power steering system.
In motor vehicles, a power steering system helps drivers steer the vehicle by augmenting steering effort
needed to turn the steering wheel, making it easier for the vehicle to turn.
Electric power steering systems use electric motors to provide assistance instead of hydraulic systems.
 The Breaking
System:
• A brake system is designed to slow and halt the motion of vehicle. To do
this vehicle's moving energy is converted into heat. This is done by using friction.
• (Friction is the resistance to movement exerted by two objects on each).
 The
auxiliaries:
• There are many auxiliary systems in a typical vehicle. Some of these as follows:
1. Electric Supply System: It includes the alternator and battery.
The alternator, as the name suggests, is a synchronous generator that generates
an alternating current, the current is then rectified to supply the vehicle with its
needs of dc current.
2. The ignition system: this is the system that ignites the fuel. In gasoline
engines, ignition is done by using spark plugs.
3. Other devices: Head and back lights, signal lights, internal lighting system,
windscreen wipers, horn, Cooling system, etc
 Vehicle
Specifications:
• Commonly used vehicle specifications are :
• 1. Vehicle Manufacturer’s Name and Model Number
• 2. Engine Specifications
• 3. Type of Fuel Used
• 4. Transmission / Gear Box Specifications
• 5. Clutch Type
• 6. Braking System Specifications
• 7. Steering Mechanism Type
• 8. Wheels and Tyre Specifications
• 9. Overall Length, Width and Height of Vehicle
• 10. Wheel Base, Wheel Track, Ground Clearance
• 11. Kerb Weight, Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW), Pay Load (for Commercial
Vehicles)
• 12. Number of Passengers (for Passenger Vehicles)
• 2. Engine Specifications:
1. Engine type: 4-stroke, single cylinder, SI/CI
2. Displacement, cc: The term cc in any engine is the displacement of the motor measured in cubic centimetres. The
displacement is a calculation of the bore and the stroke.
• It means the displacement of the piston inside the cylinder from the Top Dead Centre(TDC) to the Bottom Dead
Centre(BDC) in the engine’s one complete cycle. The engine volume is also measured in liters corresponding to Cubic
Centimeters.
• The size of an engine refers to the total volume of air and fuel being pushed through the engine by the cylinders.
• It's measured in cubic centimetres (cc). For example, a 1,000cc engine can displace one litre (1,000 cubic centimetres) of
this air-fuel mixture.
3. Maximum power, HP@rpm: It is one of the most important factors which determines a vehicle’s top-
speed. Higher the power of a vehicle, higher is its top speed.
• ‘bhp ‘ or ‘PS‘ as units for power.‘bhp’ is ‘Brake Horse Power’ and ‘PS’ for ‘Pferdesträrke’(metric horsepower).
• 1 PS = 0.98632 bhp
• For e.g.: Yamaha R15 produces 17 PS i.e. 16.76 bhp of power.
• Yamaha R15 V2.0 produces maximum power of ’17PS @ 8,500rpm’. It simply means that R15 produces maximum 17 PS
of power when its engine reaches 8,500 rpm. It also means that even if you rev your engine above 8,500 rpm, it wont
produce anything more than 17PS of power.
4. Maximum Torque: Torque helps a vehicle in its acceleration. Better the torque of a vehicle, better is its acceleration.
• ‘N m‘ as a unit for torque.
• E.g. Yamaha R15 V2.0 produces maximum torque of ’15 N m @ 7,500rpm’. It simply means that R15 produces maximum
15 N m of torque when its engine reaches 7,500 rpm. It also means that even if you rev your engine above 7,500 rpm, it
wont produce anything more than 15 N m of torque.
• 4. Transmission / Gear Box Specifications:
• The Speed number of the gearbox denotes the number of gears available to shift into (e.g. a 4-Speed gearbox
means
the car has 4 gears).
• The transmission is a component that distributes engine power and torque to the drive wheels so the car can move.
There are 3 major types of transmissions; manual, automatic, and the continuous variable transmission (CVT).
• Manual gives drivers the full control of changing gears, while the automatic provides a more relaxed and convenient
driving experience by doing away with the hands-on operation of the clutch and gear shifting.
• The CVT, on the other hand, is just like an automatic but it offers a smoother driving feel as it no longer has to change
gears in order to increase or decrease speed. Think of it as having a single gear that can adjust itself to low, medium, or
high speeds.
1. Manual Transmission.
(a) Sliding Mesh Gearbox:It carries the engine output and rotates in the same direction as that of engine. The gear
connected to the clutch shaft also rotates.
(b) Constant Mesh Gearbox: Constant gear mesh gearbox employed helical gears for power transmission.
The gears in both shafts are always meshed together. To engage the gears with output shaft dog clutch is used.
(c) Synchromesh Gearbox: Synchromesh gearbox or transmission system is a type of transmission system in which
the dog clutches from the constant mesh gearbox is replaced with the special shifting
devices known as synchromesh devices which makes the system compact and also
provide smooth and noise free shifting of gears
2. Epicyclic Gearbox: used to produce high torque. The main advantages of this
transmission are its high
efficiency, its compactness, its large transmission ratio and its large power-to-weight ratio,
• 5. Clutch Type:

• It transmits the engine torque to the wheels and also provides various transmission ratios to enable the
speed of the engine to be adapted to different driving situations.
1. Dry Clutch: it is a type of clutch that is not bathed in liquid and uses friction to engage. This type of
clutch has its plate outside the engine casing. This means that it is in direct contact with the atmosphere
and there is no lubrication provided to it.
2. Wet Clutch: A wet clutch transfers power through mechanical and fluid couplings by mating rotating
friction plates immersed in lubricant. A wet clutch is soaked in oil.
3. Hydraulic Clutch: A hydraulic clutch system works using various hydraulic components to actuate the
clutch when the pedal is pushed in. The system works similar to how the brakes work on your vehicle.
• 6. Suspension System:
Their function is to keep the tyres on the road by controlling spring and suspension movements and
by maintaining a vertical load on the tyres.
Need of Suspension:
1. For absorbing shocks and vibration caused due to road irregularities.
2. For transmitting vehicle load to the wheels (Supporting the weight)
3. For maintaining the stability of vehicle (contact of the wheels to ground)
4. For providing cushioning and ride comfort to the passengers
5. For preventing body squat and body dive.

Types of suspension system:

6. Spring
7. Shock absorber
8. Independent
9. Air/Pneumatic
• 7. Wheels and Tyres specifications:

• [Link] type/ Tubeless:

• A tubeless tyre is one where there is no inner tube between the tyre and the rim. Air is
directly held in the space between the tyre and the rim.
• A tube-type tyre has an inflatable tube in it that holds the air in the tyre. It turns out there are
some advantages to tube-type tyres as well.
• [Link] of tyre:
• It is generally mentioned on the sidewall of a tyre and is represented in a standardised manner.
For example, 195/55 R 16 87V. We can read it as:
• 195 (mm) is the tread width of the tyre
55 (%) is the percentage of the tread width that contributes in making the height of the
sidewall. R (Radial) refers to the radial construction of the tyre
16 (inches) refers to the diameter of the
wheel 87 refers to the load index of the tyre
V refers to the speed rating of the tyre
• 8. Overall Length, Width and Height of Vehicle :
• 8. Wheel Base, Wheel Track, Ground Clearance :
• 8. Kerb Weight, Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW), Pay Load :
• The load capacity of vehicle is determined by weight, not by available cargo space.
• Total vehicle weight (the vehicle weight + weight of all occupants, fuel and all cargo) must not exceed the
Gross Vehicle Weight(GVW).
• Kerb Weight: The “Kerb weight” of car is the weight of the vehicle without any passenger or items in it
except for the standard equipment that comes with it. This is the weight of vehicle when it’s not being used
and resting on a flat surface. Also called as “standard weight.”
• The weight of the vehicle that is empty except for the maximum capacity of fuel, oil and coolant necessary for
its operation.
• Gross Vehicle Weight: Gross vehicle weight” is the weight with everything in it such as passengers,
luggage and other cargo. GVM is the Kerb Mass plus all accessories and payload .
• Pay Load: Once the net weight and gross vehicle weight has been determined, subtract the net vehicle
weight from the GVWR (Gross vehicle weight rating ).
• Payload Capacity = Gross Vehicle Weight – Kerb Weight
For example, if your truck's GVWR is 9,000 lbs and
it weighs 5,000 lbs empty, then your payload capacity is 4,000 lbs. You can put 4,000
lbs of people and stuff in your truck.
 Specification Honda Shine Honda
Single Cylinder, Shine
Engine Type
4-Stroke, SI Engine
Displacement 124.73 cc
10.30 PS @
Max Power
7500 rpm
Cooling System Air Cooled
Drive Type Chain Drive
Fuel Supply Carburetor
Price : Rs. 57,094 to 68,181
Clutch Wet, Multi Plate
Transmission Manual Fuel Capacity 10.5 L
Gear Box 5 Speed Ground Clearance 160 mm
Bore (Dia.) 52.4 mm
Weight 120 Kg
Stroke 57.8 mm
Compression Ratio 9.2:1 Front :-18,
Tyre Size (Dia.)
Front Suspension Telescopic Fork Rear :-18
Speedometer Analogue Tyre Type Tubeless
Length 2007 mm Front :-18 inch,
Wheel Size (Dia.)
Width 762 mm Rear : 18 inch
Height 1085 mm Front Brake Drum
Rear Brake Drum
 Specification Maruti Baleno Zeta Balen
Fuel Type Petrol o

Fuel Tank Capacity (Lit.) 37

Engine Displacement 1197

(cc)
Body Type Hatchback
Max Power
83.1bhp@6000rpm
Price : Rs. 5.88 L onwords
(bhp@rpm)
(BHP=Brake Horse Power) Length (mm) 3995
Engine Type Petrol Engine Width (mm) 1745
Displacement (cc) 1197 Height (mm) 1510
Max Torque (nm@rpm) 115Nm@4000rpm Wheel Base (mm) 2520
No of Cylinder 4 Total Weight (kg) 880

Valves Per Cylinder 4 MacPherson Strut

Front Suspension
(Independent)
DOHC
Valve Configuration Rear Suspension Torsion Beam
(dual overhead cam)
Steering Type Power
MPFI Steering Column Tilt & Telescopic
Fuel Supply System
(Multi Point Fuel Injection) Steering
Rack & Pinion
Gear
Transmission Type Manual
Type
Gear Box 5 Speed
Front Brake Type Disc
Drive Type FWD
Rear Brake Type Drum
Ground Clearance (mm) 170 Tyre Size 16
 Volvo 9400 14.5 M

Length 14500 mm
Height 3600 mm
Width 2600 mm
Wheelbase 8350 mm

Gross Vehicle 22,200 kg

Weight
Electronically Controlled Air
Suspension
Suspension (ECS)

Brakes All disc brakes with EBS

No. of Doors 01 - Front
Diesel Engine Volvo D11C 410

Automatic Gear Shifting System

Transmission
12-Speed splitter/range gearbox

Max. Power 410 hp @1600-1900 rpm

Price : Rs. 85 lakh to 1 Cr.
Max. Torque 1980 Nm @1600-1900 rpm

No. of Cylinders 6
Turning radius 11.54 mt
 Model Ashok Leyland CT 3118 HD
Power: 180 bHP @ 2500 rpm Torque: 660Nm @
Engine
1200~1900 rpm

Clutch Single plate dry type - 15” Axial spring clutch

Gear Box Synchromesh

Prop Shaft Coupling shafts & Drive Shaft
Rear Axle Fully floating
Front Axle I’ section, non-driven

Front – Multi-leaf Spring - Rear Inverted

Suspension Shock Absorbers: Spring Semi-elliptic
width – 90 mm multi leaf with V-
Rod
Frame
chassis Frame -279 x 90 x 8mm
Dimensions
Steering Power steering Price : Rs. 15 lakh onwords
Dual circuit, full air S cam.
Brakes
Parking brakes on rear wheels only
Fuel Tank 300 (Plastic) Rectangle shape
24V ; 110 AH battery X 2 nos. 85A
Electrical
alternator capacity
Tyres 20 Cross ply and Radial
Max Speed 60 Kmph
 [Link]
Components:
• Cylinder • Inlet Valve
• Crankshaft • Exhaust valve
• Crank • Spark Plug/Fuel Injector
• Connecting rod • Crank case
• Piston
• Piston Rod
• Piston Rings
• Cylinder Head
• Intake manifold
• Exhaust Manifold
 Terminology used in I.C. Engine
• Bore:- Inside diameter of cylinder.(d)
• TDC :- Top Dead Center
• BDC:- Bottom Dead Center
• Stroke (L):- Distance travelled by piston from TDC to BDC.
• Clearance Volume (Vc): Volume contained in the cylinder
when piston is at TDC.
• Swept Volume(Vs):- Distance travelled by piston from TDC to
BDC.
• Cylinder Volume:- its clearance volume +Swept volume.
• Compression Ratio (r):- [Vs+Vc]/Vc
Study of Engine Specifications:
1. Power of Engine
2. No. of Cylinders
3. Manufacturer of engine
4. Ignition method of engine
5. Cylinder capacity
6. Revolution per minute
7. Piston(stroke) and Bore(Cylinder diameter)dimensions
8. Type of transmission
Important parameters:
1. Engine
2. No. of Cylinders
3. Displacement
4. Transmission(Gearbox)
5. Power
6. Torque
7. Drivetrain
8. Suspension
9. Fuel tank capacity
10. Turning Radius
11. Weight
Electric Vehicles
• An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead of an internal-
combustion engine.
• This electric vehicle type does not contain any other source of actuation other than motors
and batteries. There is zero-emission in these vehicles. The battery is charged through an
external source of power such as DC fast charger or AC. chargers.
• Need of Electric vehicles:
1. Pollution
2. Global warming
3. depleting natural resources
Components:
4. Battery pack
5. Electric Motor
6. Transmission
7. Inverter
8. Power electronic controller
9. DC/DC converter
10. Wheels
Electric Vehicle Working:

Battery Inverter Motor Wheels

Direct current Alternating Mechanical

(DC) current (AC) Transfer
Electric Vehicles
Acceleration Brakes

Charger & Drive Drive

Controller
Motor Transmission
Inverter battery

Wheels
Charger

12V/24V
battery
Characteristics of Electric Vehicles
1. Initial Purchase Cost
2. Running Cost
3. Maintenance Cost
4. Life of Vehicle
5. Atmospheric Pollution
6. Noise Pollution
Advantages:
1. Simple design and limited no of Components
2. Minimum running cost.
3. Highly reliable
4. Doesn't create any type of pollution
5. Noise free operation
6. Reduce dependence on oil and gasoline
7. No fire hazards.
Disadvantages:
8. Battery need Frequent charging
9. High replacement cost of battery
10. Distance travel range limitations
11. Due to battery pack vehicle weight is more
12. High speed range is low in case of electric vehicle.
Types of Electric Vehicles
Battery Electric Vehicles
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
 Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• These type of electric vehicles are powered by both, fuel as well as electricity.
• The electricity is generated by the vehicle’s own braking system. The heat produced by the brakes is
converted into electrical energy. This process of conversion is called Regenerative Braking.
• The electric motor is used to start off the HEVs. Then the propulsion is taken care of by the IC engine. This
ensures better fuel economy.
• The operation of the engine as well as the motor is controlled by the ECU (Electronic Control Unit).
• Some HEVs in India are Toyota Prius Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid and Toyota Camry Hybrid.

• Components:
1. Battery
2. Generator
3. Electric Motor
Hybrid Electric Vehicles Drive chain

[Link]
Wheel

Transmission Generator Battery

Wheel
Motor

Fig: Low Speed

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Drive chain

[Link]
Wheel

Transmission Generator battery

Wheel
Motor

Fig: High Speed

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Drive chain

[Link]
Wheel

Transmission Generator battery

Wheel
Motor

Fig: Regenerative Breaking

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Types

1. Parallel Hybrids:
Hybrid Electric Vehicles Types

2. Series Hybrids:
Hybrid Electric Vehicles Types

3. Power split Hybrids:

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Battery
 Cost Analysis of Vehicle
• The overall cost of the vehicle includes the following
parameters:
1. Type of Engine
2. Safety features
3. Material of Vehicle
4. Production Method
5. Research And Development
6. Royalty
7. Availability of spare parts
8. Advertisement(campaigns)
9. Labor Cost
Thank You