BASIC ELECTRICITY

ELECTRICITY
Electricity has a very large influence on
our lives, but it is not well understood by
many people. Electricity is used to power
many of the things that we use every day.
.
 Electric Charges
• Three particles that make up an
atom:
– Protons
– Neutrons IT IV E
POS
– Electrons
EU T R AL
N

NE
GA
TIV
E
COPPER ATOM
 Conductors and Insulators
• Conductors are the materials or substances
which allow electricity to flow through them.

• Insulators are the materials or substances

which resist or don’t allow the current to flow
through them.
• Semi-conductors are materials that posses
the properties of both the conductor and the
insulator.
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
 CURRENT
• The flow of free electrons on a closed electric circuit.
Symbol is I
Unit is ampere(A) equivalent to flow of
6,250,000,000,000,000,000. electrons per second
The instrument used to measure current is known
as the ammeter.
1 A= 1000mA= 1,000,000µA
 VOLTAGE
• It is the force that makes electrons move in a certain
direction within a conductor.
• Also known as the Electromotive Force(EMF)
• Can be DC or AC
• Symbol is E or V
• Unit is volts(V)
EXAMPLES OF VOLTAGE SOURCES
 SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
1. Mechanical
2. Chemical
3. Photovoltaic
4. Thermoelectric
5. Piezoelectric
 MECHANICAL MEANS
Conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy
• ICE ENGINES(Diesel, gasoline, bunker, etc.)
• Coal plants Example: Generator
• Nuclear
• Geothermal
• Hydro

Open Type Closed Type

 Faraday’s Discovery
“ Moving a conductor across magnetic lines of
force will produce voltage at the ends of the
conductor.”
• Voltage generated is directly proportional to the speed of
rotation. V increases as speed(RPM) is increased.
• Voltage generated will also increase as the number of
turns is increased. V increases as N is increased.
 EMF Equation For DC Generator:
• The EMF generated per conductor in a DC generator is:
• EMF equation for DC generator

• Z = number of conductors
• P = number of Poles
• N = Speed of rotor in RPM
• A = number of parallel paths
 CHEMICAL MEANS
Movement of electrons from one electrode to
the other placed in a solution known as an
electrolyte.
Ex. Batteries
 CHEMICAL MEANS
Conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy.
SOLAR OR PHOTOVOLTAIC MEANS
Conversion of solar energy to electrical
energy.
Electricity from Solar Panels
 THERMAL MEANS
Conversion of heat energy to electrical energy.
Common applications in instrumentation and controls.
Devices are responsible in automation of systems.
 THERMAL MEANS
Two dissimilar metals when heated
will produce electricity.
Ex.: Thermocouple
 RESISTANCE
The opposition to the flow of electrical current. Measured in
ohms is a term that describes the forces that oppose the
flow of electrical current in a conductor.
• Unit is ohms
• Symbol
1K = 1000
1M =1,000,000
 OHM’S LAW
• In 1926, George Simon Ohm described the relationship
between current,voltage and resistance with his popular
Ohm’s Law.
Ohm’s Law states that
“Current(I) is directly proportional to the amount of
Voltage(V) and inversely proportional to the value of
Resistance(R).” V
I =
R
OHM’S LAW TRIANGLE
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. An electric bulb draws a current of 2 amperes when
connected to a 12volts DC source. What is the
resistance of the electric bulb?
2. The electrician measured the resistance of a water
heater to be 10 ohms. If connected to a 220 volt source,
how much current will flow in the circuit?
3. What will be the appropriate fuse for a rice cooker with a
resistance of 75 ohms if connected to a 220V source?
A. 2 amperes B. 3 amperes C. 4 amperes
 Practice with Ohm’s Law
Ohms Volts Amps
4 100 25
15 150 10
2 30 15
9 45 5
6 48 8
 POWER
• The amount of energy transferred or converted per unit
time. In the International System of Units, the unit of
power is the watt.
Energy
P = --------------
Time
• Units of Power(P)
1 watt = 1 joules/sec
1 HORSEPOWER= 746 WATTS
1 KILOWATT= 1000 WATTS
 FORMULAS FOR POWER
P=VX I P= I² R
Where: Where:
P = Power in watts P= Power in watt
V = Voltage in volts I = Current in amperes
I = Current in amperes R= Resistance in ohms
V²
P=------- Where: V=Voltage
R R=Resistance in ohms
P=Power in watts
 E2 P
R R P
EI
E
E
I2 R P I R
E R E PR
I
P IR
E2 P
I2
P I
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. How much current will a 50 watts incandescent bulb
draws if connected to a 220 V source?
2. A 5 horsepower DC motor is connected to a 110 volts
source. What is the resistance of this motor?
3. A certain resistor has a resistance of 1.5 kilohms. How
much current in milliamperes it will draw if supplied from
a 6 volts battery? What should be its power rating?
 ENERGY
Energy= Power x Time
Units:
Joules = 1 watt. sec
Energy = KW x HOURS
1 KW-HOUR = 1000 WATT-HOURS
We are buying energy from CENECO since they sell their
services in KW-Hrs.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. How much will CENECO charge if we operate a1000
watt pressure cooker for 2 hours? Assume CENECO will
charge P12.00 per KW-HR
4. What would be your electric bill in one month for using
the following appliances? Assume a 30 day month.
1. Refrigerator, 400 watts
2. 4 Incandescent bulbs with 50Watts power rating.
3. 1 5 horsepower Aircon unit operating at 4 amperes current.
• EFFICIENCY
The ratio of output power to input power multiplied by
100%.
Power Output Pout
EFF. = ----------------------X 100% %Eff= ---- X 100%
Power Input Pin
Energy Output Eout
= ----------------------X 100% %Eff=-------X100%
Energy Input Ein
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1.What would be the power input of a 5 HP motor if its
efficiency is 95%?
2. What is the efficiency of a device that requires 0.8 KW of
input to deliver 720 watts of output?
3. A generator has an output of 100 KW. What is the
horsepower of the engine needed to drive the generator if it
has a 95% efficiency?