2.

Network MODELS
PART – I

PRESENTED BY

MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE

LECTURER
ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT

🖂[email protected]
Learning Course Outcomes

• REFERENCE MODEL
• TCP/IP Protocol suite with define Protocols in
respective Layers:
1. PHYSICAL LAYER
⮚ Introduction
⮚ Functions
2. DATA LINK LAYER
⮚ Introduction
⮚ Functions
MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 2
REFERENCE MODEL
• Reference model in networking is a conceptual layout that
describes how communication between devices should
occur.
• For efficient communication, the reference model identifies
the tasks involved in inter-computer communication and
divided in logical groups called layers, with each layer
performing a specific function

MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 3

FIVE LAYER ARCHITECTURE

MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 4

REFERENCE MODEL
• Fig. shows layered architecture of a computer network. The
complex task of communication is broken into simpler sub-
tasks or modules.
• Each layer performs a subset of the required communication
functions. Each layer relies on the next lower layer to
perform more primitive functions.
• Each layer provides services to the next higher layer, and
changes in one layer should not require changes in other
layers.
• To reduce the design complexity, most of the networks are
organized as a series of layers or levels, each one build upon
one below it.
MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 5
REFERENCE MODEL
• The basic idea of a layered architecture is to divide the design into
small pieces. Each layer adds to the services provided by the lower
layers in such a manner that the highest layer is provided a full set
of services to manage communications and run the applications
• The benefits of the layered models are modularity and clear
interfaces.
• In layered architecture of Network Model one whole network
process is divided into small tasks
• Each small task is then assigned to a particular layer which works
dedicatedly to process the task only. Every layer does only specific
work.
• The number of layers, functions and contents of each layer differ
from network to network.

MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 6

REFERENCE MODEL
The basic elements of a layered model are explained below:

1. A service is a set of actions that a layer offers to another

(higher) layer

2. Protocol is a set of rules that a layer uses to exchange

information with a peer entity. These concern both the
contents and the order of the messages used.

3. Between the layers service interfaces are defined. The

messages from one layer to another sent through those
interfaces.
MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 7
TCP/IP PROTOCOL
• TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol TCP/IP model was developed by the US
Department of Defense ( to connect multiple networks and
preserve data integrity
• TCP/IP protocol suite also called as Internet protocol suite
TCP/IP provides end to end connectivity specifying how
data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and
received at the destination

MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 8

TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 9

1. PHYSICAL LAYER
Layer 1 is the Physical layer. It sends and receives signals on
the physical wire or antenna to transmit the bits found in
frames.
There is a PHY found at the end of every network interface
(e.g. end of wire or antenna).

MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 10

Functions of Physical
Layer
1. Data Encoding: Physical layer modifies the simple layer signal
pattern (1s and 0s) used by the pc to better accommodate the
characteristics of the physical medium, and aid in bit and frame
synchronization.
2. Line Configuration: It defines the way how two or more devices
can be connected physically.
3. Data Transmission: It defines the transmission mode whether it is
simplex, half duplex or full-duplex mode between the two devices
on the network.
4. Signals: It determines the type of the signal used for transmitting
the information.
5. Bit synchronization: The physical layer provides the
synchronization of the bits by providing a clock. This clock controls
both sender and receiver thus providing synchronization at bit level.
MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 11
Functions of Physical
Layer
6. Transmission mode: Physical layer also defines the way in
which the data flows between the two connected devices. The
various transmission modes possible are: Simplex, half-
duplex and full-duplex.
7. Circuit Switching: Physical Layer also provides the circuit
switching to interconnect different networks.
8. Physical topologies: Physical layer specifies the way in
which the different, devices/nodes are arranged in a network
i.e. bus, star or mesh topology.
9. Bit rate control: The Physical layer also defines the
transmission rate i.e. the number of bits sent per second.
10. Multiplexing: Physical layer can use different techniques of
multiplexing, in order to improve the channel efficiency.
MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 12
2. DATA LINK LAYER
• Layer 2 is the Data Link layer. This layer uses a Media
Access Controller (MAC) to generate the frames that will be
transmitted. As the name suggests, the MAC controls the
physical transmission media.
• The wireless transmission media used for Wi-Fi® or 802.11
has different requirements from the wired transmission
media used for Ethernet or 802.3, and therefore needs a
different MAC and PHY. Note the upper layer software is
not aware of or affected by the physical interface.

MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 13

Functions of Data Link Layer

1. Link Establishment and Termination: It establishes and

terminates the logical link between two nodes.
2. Physical addressing: After creating frames, Data link layer adds
physical addresses (MAC address) of sender and/or receiver in the
header of each frame.
3. Framing: Framing is a function of the data link layer. It provides
a way for a sender to transmit a set of bits that are meaningful to
the receiver. This can be accomplished by attaching special bit
patterns to the beginning and end of the frame.
4. Frame Traffic Control: Data link layer tells the transmitting node
to “back-off-algorithm” when no frame buffers are available.
5. Frame Sequencing: It transmits/receives frame sequentially.

MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 14

Functions of Data Link Layer
6. Frame Acknowledgement: Data link layer provides/expects the
acknowledgements.
7. Error control: Data link layer provides the mechanism of error
control in which it detects and retransmits damaged or lost frames.
8. Flow Control: The data rate must be constant on both sides else the
data may get corrupted thus , flow control coordinates that amount
of data that can be sent before receiving acknowledgement.
9. Access control: When a single communication channel is shared by
multiple devices, MAC sub-layer of data link layer helps to
determine which device has control over the channel at a given
time.
10. Feedback: After transmitting the frames, the system waits for the
feedback.

MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 15

THANK
YOU!!!

MS. POOJA ARUN MHATRE 16