CHAPTER 1

DBMS- DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM

BY:- SHALU
UNIT 1 -INTRODUCTION TO
DATABASE SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
(DATABASE--- An organized collection of related information.)
 DEFINATION
 “DATABASE MANAGMENT SYSTEM is a collection
of interrelated data and a set of programs to
access those data.”
 PRIMARY GOAL OF DBMS
 Is to provide way to store and retrieve database
information that is both convenient and efficient.
 DBMS designed to manage large bodies of information.
 The database system must ensure the safety of the
information stored.
 DATABASE SYSTEM APPLICATIONS

• Banking: all transactions

• Airlines: reservations, schedules
• Universities: registration, grades
• Sales: customers, products, purchases
• Online retailers: order tracking, customized
recommendations
• Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply
chain
• Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
DATA
 Data can be defined as a representation of facts,
concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner,
which should be suitable for communication,
interpretation, or processing by human or electronic
machine.
 Data is represented with the help of characters such
as alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special
characters (+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.)
INFORMATION
 Information is organized or classified data, which has some
meaningful values for the receiver. Information is the
processed data on which decisions and actions are based.
 For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must
qualify for the following characteristics −
• Timely − Information should be available when required.
• Accuracy − Information should be accurate.
• Completeness − Information should be complete.
Data Processing Cycle
 Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data by people or machine
to increase their usefulness and add values for a particular purpose. Data
processing consists of the following basic steps - input, processing, and output.
These three steps constitute the data processing cycle.

• Input − In this step, the input data is prepared in some convenient form for
processing. The form will depend on the processing machine. For example, when
electronic computers are used, the input data can be recorded on any one of the
several types of input medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes, and so on.
• Processing − In this step, the input data is changed to produce data in a more
useful form. For example, pay-checks can be calculated from the time cards, or a
summary of sales for the month can be calculated from the sales orders.
• Output − At this stage, the result of the proceeding processing step is collected.
The particular form of the output data depends on the use of the data. For
example, output data may be pay-checks for employees.
DATA WAREHOUSE
 A Data Warehouse is a group of data specific to the entire
organization, not only to a particular group of users.
 It is not used for daily operations and transaction processing but
used for making decisions.
 "Data Warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, and time-variant
store of information in support of management's decisions.“
 Four unique characteristics allow data warehouses to deliver this
overarching benefit. According to this definition, data warehouses
are
• Subject-oriented. They can analyze data about a particular
subject or functional area (such as sales).
• Integrated. Data warehouses create consistency among different
data types from disparate sources.
• Nonvolatile. Once data is in a data warehouse, it’s stable and
doesn’t change.
• Time-variant. Data warehouse analysis looks at change over time.
 METADATA
 Metadata is simply defined as data about data. The data that is
used to represent other data is known as metadata. For example,
the index of a book serves as a metadata for the contents in the
book. In other words, we can say that metadata is the
summarized data that leads us to detailed data. In terms of data
warehouse, we can define metadata as follows.
• Metadata is the road-map to a data warehouse.
• Metadata in a data warehouse defines the warehouse objects.
• Metadata acts as a directory. This directory helps the decision
support system to locate the contents of a data warehouse.
SYSTEM CATALOG
 The system catalog is a vital part of a database. Inside the database, there are
objects, which include tables, views and indexes. Basically, the system catalog
is a set of objects, which includes information that defines:
• Other objects included in the database
• The database structure itself
• Several other vital pieces of information
• The types of information that the system must store are these
 Name of the relations (table)
 Name of the attributes of each relation
 Domain and lengths of attributes
 Integrity constraints (for ex :- key constraints)
DATA ITEMS
 FIELDS, ATTRIBUTES, COLUMNS
 The characteristics of an entity are called fields or attributes or
columns.
 Entity can have a number of characteristics like name, address,
phone no. etc.
 Entity is a group of similar information or data.
 RECORD ( ROW, TUPLE )
 Multiple fields placed in a horizontal plane are called a record or
row or TUPLE.
 An organization will deal with many clients and the same
information must be recorded for each client multiple fields placed
in a horizontal plane is called a record or row or TUPLE.
 Files
Which store the database itself?
DATA DICTIONARY (DATA
DIRECTORY)
 A data dictionary contains metadata i.e data about the database. The
data dictionary is very important as it contains information such as what
is in the database, who is allowed to access it, where is the database
physically stored etc. The users of the database normally don't interact
with the data dictionary, it is only handled by the database
administrators.
 The data dictionary in general contains information about the following
−
• Names of all the database tables and their schemas.
• Details about all the tables in the database, such as their owners, their
security constraints, when they were created etc.
• Physical information about the tables such as where they are stored and
how.
• Table constraints such as primary key attributes, foreign key information
etc.
• Information about the database views that are visible.
DATA DICTIONARY (DATA
DIRECTORY)
 Data dictionaries can also classified as Active or Passive

 Active data dictionary is automatically updated by the

DBMS with every database access, thereby keeping its
access information up to date.
 Passive data dictionary is not updated automatically and
usually requires running a batch process
 Data dictionary access information is normally used by the
DBMS for query optimization purposes.
Database system
 Database system is basically computerized record keeping
system, whose overall purpose is to maintain information
and to make that information available on demand

 Four components of database system.

 Data
 Hardware
 Software
 User
 Data
 Database system is available on small systems as well
as large systems. Small systems are single user system
on which at most one user can access the data at any
given time. Large systems are usually multi-user
systems on which multiple users can access the data
concurrently. Data in the database of multi-user system
must be “integrated” and “shared”.
 Integrated - The data files available in the database
system must have redundancy among them wholly or
partially removed so that they are same at all the
location.
 Shared - The individual piece of data in the database
can be shared among several different users.
Hardware

The hardware system consist of :

 Secondary storage volumes - typically moving - head

magnetic disks - that are used to hold data, together with
the associated I/O devices.
 Processor and main memory – they support the execution of
database system software.
Software

 Software is a collection of a program.

 It is the layer between the physical database itself and the
users called database manager or more usually database
management system. It shields the users of database from
hardware level details.
User
 There are the four different types of database-system users, different by the way
that they expect to interact with the system.
 Application programmers
 Sophisticated users
 Specialized users
 Naïve users
 Application programmers : responsible for writing database application programs
in some programming language such as COBOL,PL/I,C++,JAVA OR some higher-level
“fourth generation” language. The resulting program is then run through the host
language compiler, which generates appropriate object code.
 Sophisticated users: they interact with the system without writing programs.
They form their request in the database query processor whose function is to break
down DML statement into instruction that the storage manager understands.
 Specialized users: They are sophisticated users who write specialize database
application that do not fit into the traditional data-processing framework.
 Naïve users: They are unsophisticated users who interact with the system by
invoking one of the permanent application programs that have been written
previously.
 Operations performed on database systems.
 Create – Add new data to the database.
 Read – Read current database data (often
presented in a useful format on a Computer screen
or a printed report).
 Update – Update (or modify) current database data.
 Delete – Delete current data from the database.
Data administrator(DA)
 The data administrator in DBMS is also known as a database administrator in which a
database administrator is a person which can allow inserting data in the database to
develop and prepare the database; this role has been recruited to generate queries, to
give support, to take backup of the database and mainly this post has been recruited to
improve the performance of the database.
 Given below are the types of data administrators in DBMS:
Administrative DBA: The administrative DBA is the particular computer system
administrator which works to support and retains the functionality of the database, also
have to provide security to data, take back-up of it, and copy the data.
Data Warehouse DBA: The job of the data warehouse DBA is to gather data from
different origins into the data warehouse, and planning of the warehouse and cleansing of
data for early loading is also handled by them.
Development DBA: Development DBA has to work as a programmer because they have
to construct and expand the queries and stored procedures to meet the customer
requirement.
Application DBA: The application DBA plays an important role to carry on all the
requirements of the application, which can be used for installing, updating in the database,
and they work for the installation of new applications and to troubleshoot the issues for
resolution and improve the performance with it.
Database administrator (DBA)
 A database administrator (DBA) is a person or group in charge of implementing
DBMS in an organization. The DBA job requires a high degree of technical expertise.
DBA consists of a team of people rather than just one person.
 The primary role of Database administrator is as follows −
• Database design
• Performance issues
• Database accessibility
• Capacity issues
• Data replication
• Table Maintenance
 Responsibilities of DBA -The responsibilities of DBA are as follows −
• Makes the decision concerning the content of the database.
• Plans the storage structure and access strategy.
• Provides the support to the users.
• Defines the security and integrity checks.
• Interpreter backup and recovery strategies.
• Monitoring the performance and responding to the changes in the requirements.
File System Approach
 File based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual system. It is
also called a traditional based approach in which a decentralized approach was
taken where each department stored and controlled its own data with the help of
a data processing specialist.
 The main role of a data processing specialist was to create the necessary
computer file structures, and also manage the data within structures and design
some application programs that create reports based on file data.
DBMS
 A database approach is a well-organized collection of data that are related
in a meaningful way which can be accessed by different users but stored
only once in a system. The various operations performed by the DBMS
system are: Insertion, deletion, selection, sorting etc.
Database System Environment