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01 Lecture Outline(1)

Chapter 1 covers fundamental physical quantities, units of measurement, and the importance of significant figures in calculations. It introduces vectors and scalars, detailing how to add and manipulate vectors graphically and algebraically. The chapter also explains unit conversions and the rules for counting significant figures, emphasizing the need for dimensional consistency in equations.

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Marco Pazmiño
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4 views

01 Lecture Outline(1)

Chapter 1 covers fundamental physical quantities, units of measurement, and the importance of significant figures in calculations. It introduces vectors and scalars, detailing how to add and manipulate vectors graphically and algebraically. The chapter also explains unit conversions and the rules for counting significant figures, emphasizing the need for dimensional consistency in equations.

Uploaded by

Marco Pazmiño
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Chapter 1

Units, Physical
Quantities, and Vectors
PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman

Lectures by Wayne Anderson


Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Goals for Chapter 1
• To learn three fundamental quantities of physics and the
units to measure them
• To keep track of significant figures in calculations
• To understand vectors and scalars and how to add vectors
graphically
• To determine vector components and how to use them in
calculations
• To understand unit vectors and how to use them with
components to describe vectors
• To learn two ways of multiplying vectors

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Solving problems in physics

• A problem-solving strategy offers techniques for setting up


and solving problems efficiently and accurately.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Standards and units

• Length, time, and mass are three fundamental


quantities of physics.
• The International System (SI for Système
International) is the most widely used system of
units.
• The basic units in SI system
meter for length,
second for time,
kilogram for mass.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Unit prefixes

• Table 1.1 shows some larger and smaller units for the
fundamental quantities.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Unit consistency and conversions

• An equation must be dimensionally consistent. Terms to be added


or equated must always have the same units. (Be sure you’re
adding “apples to apples.”)
• Convert to standard units as necessary.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Unit Conversions

A unit conversion factor, or unit factor, is a ratio of two


equivalent quantities.
For the unit equation 1 m = 100 cm, we can write two unit
factors:
1m or 100 cm
100 cm 1m

Since 1000 m = 1 km, we can write the following unit


factors for converting between meters and kilometers:
1 km or 1000 m
1000 m 1 km
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Unit Conversions

A car is travelling at 40 miles/hour.


What’s its speed in m/s?

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Rules for counting significant figures

Non-zero digits are always significant


With zeroes, the situation is more complicated:
a. Zeroes placed before other digits are not significant;
0.0406 has three significant digits.
b. Zeroes placed between other digits are always
significant; 4009 kg has four significant digits.
c. Zeroes placed after other digits but behind a decimal
point are significant; 7.90 has three significant digits.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Rules for counting significant figures
d. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant only if
they are behind a decimal point as in (c). Otherwise, it is
impossible to tell if they are significant. For example, in
the number 8200, it is not clear if the zeroes are
significant or not. The number of significant digits in
8200 is at least two, but could be three or four. To avoid
uncertainty, use scientific notation to place significant
zeroes behind a decimal point:
8.200 × 103 has four significant digits
8.20 × 103 has three significant digits
8.2 × 103 has two significant digits
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Uncertainty and significant figures

• The uncertainty of a measured quantity is


indicated by its number of significant figures.
• For multiplication and division, the answer can
have no more significant figures than the smallest
number of significant figures in the factors.
• When adding or subtracting measurements, the
number of decimal places (not significant digits)
in the answer should be the same as the least
number of decimal places in any of the numbers
being added or subtracted
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Significant figures

420 cm
4.05 cm
123.0
0.000001234

114.3 cm

(7.28 cm)(4.6 cm) = cm2 0.75 cm

+ 0.581 cm
cm

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Vectors and scalars

• A scalar quantity can be described by a single


number.
• A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a
direction in space.
• In this book, a vector quantity is represented in
boldface italic type with an arrow over it: A.

• The magnitude of A is written as A or |A|.


Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Drawing vectors—Figure 1.10

• Draw a vector as a line with an arrowhead at its end.


• The length of the line shows the vector’s magnitude.
• The direction of the line shows the vector’s direction.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Adding two vectors graphically—Figures 1.11–1.12
• Two vectors may be added graphically using either the parallelogram
method or the head-to-tail method.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Adding more than two vectors graphically—Figure 1.13

• To add several vectors, use the head-to-tail method.


• The vectors can be added in any order.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Subtracting vectors

• Figure 1.14 shows how to subtract vectors.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Addition of two vectors at right angles
• First add the vectors graphically.
• Then use trigonometry to find the magnitude and direction of the
sum.
• Follow Example 1.5.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Multiplying a vector by a scalar

• If c is a scalar, the

product cA is also a
vector and has magnitude
|c|A.
• Figure 1.15 illustrates
multiplication of a vector
by a positive scalar and a
negative scalar.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Unit vectors—Figures 1.23–1.24

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Unit vectors

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Components of a vector—Figure 1.17

• Use trigonometry to find the components of a vector: Ax = Acos θ and


Ay = Asin θ, where θ is measured from the +x-axis toward the +y-axis.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Positive and negative components—Figure 1.18

• The components of a vector can


be positive or negative numbers,
as shown in the figure.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Finding components from magnitude and direction.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Finding magnitude and direction

Use the components of a vector to find its magnitude and


direction:

Ay
A Ax2  Ay2 and tan 
Ax

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Adding vectors using their components—Figure 1.23
• Examples 1.7.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The scalar product—Figures 1.26

• The scalar product (also called


the “dot product”) of two vectors
is defined as

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The scalar product

The scalar product can


be positive, negative, or
zero, depending on the
angle between and .

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Calculating a scalar product
• In terms of components,

Example 1.10

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The vector product—Figures 1.30

• The vector product (“cross


product”) of two vectors
is also a vector and
has a magnitude

 
| AB | AB sin
and the right-hand rule gives its
direction. See Figure1.30.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The vector product is anticommutative

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Figures 1.30

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

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