Python

Introduction to Programming
with Python

Adapted from: https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~stepp/bridge/2007/python.ppt

 Programming basics
 code or source code: The sequence of instructions in a program.
 syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that can be used
in a particular programming language.
 output: The messages printed to the user by a program.

 console: The text box onto which output is printed.

 Some source code editors pop up the console as an external window,
and others contain their own console window.

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 Compiling and interpreting
 Many languages require you to compile (translate) your program
into a form that the machine understands.
compile execute
source code byte code output
Hello.java Hello.class

 Python is instead directly interpreted into machine instructions.

interpret
source code output
Hello.py

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 Online Python Tutor

 http://www.pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit

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 Expressions
 expression: A data value or set of operations to compute a value.
Examples: 1 + 4 * 3
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 Arithmetic operators we will use:
 + - * / addition, subtraction/negation, multiplication,
division
 % modulus, a.k.a. remainder

 precedence: Order in which operations are computed.

 * / % ** have a higher precedence than + -
1 + 3 * 4 is 13
 Parentheses can be used to force a certain order of evaluation.
(1 + 3) * 4 is 16

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 Integer division
 When we divide integers with /
3 52
4 ) 14 27 ) 1425
12 135
2 75
54
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 More examples:

35 / 5 is 7 (Python 2.X)

84 / 10 is 8 (Python 2.X)

156 // 100 is 1 (Python 3.X)

 The % operator computes the remainder from a division of integers.

3 43
4 ) 14 5 ) 218
12 20
2 18
15
3

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 Real numbers
 Python can also manipulate real numbers.
 Examples: 6.022 -15.9997 42.0 2.143e17

 The operators + - * / % ** ( ) all work for real numbers.

 The / produces an exact answer: 15.0 / 2.0 is 7.5
 The same rules of precedence also apply to real numbers:
Evaluate ( ) before * / % before + -

 When integers and reals are mixed, the result is a real number.
 Example: 1 / 2.0 is 0.5

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 Variables
 variable: A named piece of memory that can store a value.
 Usage:

Compute an expression's result,

store that result into a variable,

and use that variable later in the program.

 assignment statement: Stores a value into a variable.

 Syntax:
name = value
 Examples: x = 5
gpa = 3.14

x 5 gpa 3.14
 A variable that has been given a value can be used in expressions.
x + 4 is 9

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 print
 print() : Produces text output on the console.
 Syntax:
print(“Message”)
print(Expression)
 Prints the given text message or expression value on the console, and
moves the cursor down to the next line.

print(Item1, Item2, ..., ItemN)

 Prints several messages and/or expressions on the same line.

 Examples:
print('Hello, world!')
age = 45
print('You have', 65 - age, 'years until retirement')
Output:
Hello, world!
You have 20 years until retirement

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 input
 input : Reads a number from user input.
 You can assign (store) the result of input into a variable.
 Example:
age = int(input("How old are you? "))
print("Your age is", age)
print("You have", 65 - age, "years until retirement")

Output:
How old are you? 53
Your age is 53
You have 12 years until retirement

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 Repetition (loops)
and Selection (if/else)

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 The for loop
 for loop: Repeats a set of statements over a group of values.
 Syntax:
for variableName in groupOfValues:
statements

We indent the statements to be repeated with tabs or spaces.

variableName gives a name to each value, so you can refer to it in the statements.

groupOfValues can be a range of integers, specified with the range function.

 Example:
for x in range(1, 6):
print(x, "squared is", x * x)

Output:
1 squared is 1
2 squared is 4
3 squared is 9
4 squared is 16
5 squared is 25

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 range
 The range function specifies a range of integers:

range(start, stop) - the integers between start (inclusive)
and stop (exclusive)
 It can also accept a third value specifying the change between values.

range(start, stop, step) - the integers between start (inclusive)
and stop (exclusive) by step
 Example:
for x in range(5, 0, -1):
print (x)
print (“Blastoff!”)
Output:
5
4
3
2
1
Blastoff!

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 Cumulative loops
 Some loops incrementally compute a value that is initialized outside
the loop. This is sometimes called a cumulative sum.
sum = 0
for i in range(1, 11):
sum = sum + (i * i)
print ("sum of first 10 squares is", sum)

Output:
sum of first 10 squares is 385

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 if
 if statement: Executes a group of statements only if a certain
condition is true. Otherwise, the statements are skipped.

Syntax:
if condition:
statements

 Example:
gpa = 3.4
if gpa > 3.0:
print ("Your application is accepted.“)

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 if/else
 if/else statement: Executes one block of statements if a certain
condition is True, and a second block of statements if it is False.

Syntax:
if condition:
statements
else:
statements

 Example:
gpa = 1.4
if gpa > 2.0:
print ("Welcome to Mars University!”)
else:
print ("Your application is denied.”)

 Multiple conditions can be chained with elif ("else if"):

if condition:
statements
elif condition:
statements
else:
statements

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 while
 while loop: Executes a group of statements as long as a condition is True.
 good for indefinite loops (repeat an unknown number of times)

 Syntax:
while condition:
statements
 Example:
number = 1
while number < 200:
print (number, end = “ ”)
number = number * 2

 Output:
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

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 Logic
 Many logical expressions use relational operators:
Operator Meaning Example Result
== equals 1 + 1 == 2 True
!= does not equal 3.2 != 2.5 True
< less than 10 < 5 False
> greater than 10 > 5 True
<= less than or equal to 126 <= 100 False
>= greater than or equal to 5.0 >= 5.0 True

 Logical expressions can be combined with logical operators:

Operator Example Result
and 9 != 6 and 2 < 3 True
or 2 == 3 or -1 < 5 True
not not 7 > 0 False

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Text and File Processing

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 Strings
 string: A sequence of text characters in a program.
 Strings start and end with quotation mark " or apostrophe ' characters.
 Examples:
"hello"
"This is a string"
"This, too, is a string. It can be very long!"
 A string may not span across multiple lines or contain a " character.
"This is not
a legal String."
"This is not a "legal" String either."
 A string can represent characters by preceding them with a backslash.

\t tab character

\n new line character

\" quotation mark character

\\ backslash character

Example: "Hello\tthere\nHow are you?"

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 Indexes
 Characters in a string are numbered with indexes starting at 0:
 Example:
name = "P. Diddy"

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
characte P . D i d d y
r
 Accessing an individual character of a string:
variableName [ index ]
 Example:
print(name, "starts with", name[0])

Output:
P. Diddy starts with P

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 String properties
 len(string) - number of characters in a string
(including spaces)
 str.lower(string) - lowercase version of a string
 str.upper(string) - uppercase version of a string

 Example:
name = "Martin Douglas Stepp"
length = len(name)
big_name = str.upper(name)
print (big_name, "has", length, "characters”)
Output:
MARTIN DOUGLAS STEPP has 20 characters

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 Text processing
 text processing: Examining, editing, formatting text.
 often uses loops that examine the characters of a string one by one

 A for loop can examine each character in a string in sequence.


Example:
for c in "booyah":
print (c)
Output:
b
o
o
y
a
h

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 File processing
 Many programs handle data, which often comes from files.

 Reading the entire contents of a file:

variableName = open("filename").read()

Example:
file_text = open("bankaccount.txt").read()

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 Line-by-line processing
 Reading a file line-by-line:
for line in open("filename").readlines():
statements
Example:
count = 0
for line in open("bankaccount.txt").readlines():
count = count + 1
print ("The file contains", count, "lines.”)

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Dictionaries

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 Dictionaries
 Dictionary: Dictionaries are lookup tables.
 They map from a “key” to a “value”.
 To create a dictionary use {}
 Examples:
symbol_to_name = {}
Symbol_to_name[‘H’] = ‘Hydrogen’
<Or>
symbol_to_name = {
"H": "hydrogen",
"He": "helium",
"Li": "lithium",
"C": "carbon",
"O": "oxygen",
"N": "nitrogen"
}
 Duplicate keys are not allowed
 Duplicate values are just fine

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 Dictionaries
 There is no order like in ‘strings’. So Symbol_to_name[0] will give an error
 Keys can be any immutable value: numbers, strings, tuples,
atomic_number_to_name = {
1: "hydrogen"
6: "carbon",
7: "nitrogen"
8: "oxygen",
}
 One key can have multiple values too (Like synonyms in English)
Synonyms = {}
Synonyms[‘mutable’] = [‘Changeable’, ‘vulnerable’,…]
 Dictionaries
 Getting the value for a given key
 Example:
print (symbol_to_name["C"])

Output:
'carbon'
 Testing if the key exists (“in” only checks the keys, not the values.)
 Example:
print ("O" in symbol_to_name)
print ("U" in symbol_to_name)

Output:
True
False
 Example:
print ("oxygen" in symbol_to_name)

Output:
False
Resources

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 Resources
Python:
 https://www.w3schools.com/python/

 http://learnpythonthehardway.org/book/

 http://python-future.org/compatible_idioms.html

Regular Expression:
 https://www.summet.com/diveintopython3/regular-expressions.html

 http://regexr.com

Beautiful Soup:
 https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/

 https://

codeburst.io/web-scraping-101-with-python-beautiful-soup-bb617be
1f486

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