Reservoir Operation Schedule (ROS)

&
Gate Operation Schedule (GOS)

by
Mr. S. N. Kulkarni
Executive Engineer
Canal Design Division No. 04
Central Design Organization
 What is ROS and
GOS ?
 Reservoir Operation Schedule (ROS) is a predefined
fortnightly reservoir water levels, to be maintained, with
or without spillway discharge, during rainy season
(June to October)
 Gate Operation Schedule (GOS) is a schedule of
sequence and range of spillway gate opening, so as
to maintain Reservoir Operation Schedule or to
meet mandatory downstream water releases
 What is ROS and
GOS
 Reservoir Operation Schedule is prepared on
the basis of long term inflow analysis
 Gate Operation Schedule on the basis of model
studies
 Reservoir Operation Schedule & Gate Operation
Schedule are prepared for all gated reservoirs
 Dam
top
MW
L
FRL
Spill
way
Cres
t RL

MD
DL (
min.
)
Dam

LOL
Dead Storage
Reservoir Storage Allocation
ZonesOutlet Level
LOL =Lowest
 F.R.L. 1812′ SPILLWAY GATE

337.25 Mcum (55%)

CREST LEVEL 1787′ 1) Gross Storage : 736.21 Mcum

2) Live Storage : 608.81 Mcum

3) Live Storage : 337.25 Mcum

Against Gates (55%)

4)Live Storage Below : 271.56

271.56 Mcum (45%)
Mcum Crest of Gates (45%)
DAM

5)Dead Storage : 127.42

Mcum

M.D.D.L. 1752′

CANAL BED LEVEL 1739.34′

RIVER BED
 Typical Control Levels of Karanjwan
Reservoir

MWL= Maximum Water Level

MWL
FRL= Full Reservoir Level
652.57m FRL
MDDL= Min Drawdown Level
651.66 m
TWL= Tail Water Level

MDDL Power 635.500

m MDDL Irri. 634.288m
Centre Penstock 632.156

TWL maximum 616.90m

TWL minimum 616.60m
River bed level 615.50m
 Head for Hydropower

MWL MWL= Maximum Water Level

FRL FRL= Full Reservoir Level
MDDL= Min. Drawdown
Level TWL= Tail Water Level
Maximum head

MDDL for Power

Centre of Penstock
Minimum Head
TWL
maximum
TWL
River bed
minimum
level
 Reservoir Terminology
 Full Reservoir Level (FRL)
The highest reservoir level which can be maintained
without spillway discharge or without passing water
through under sluices. Also called highest controlled
water level.
 Maximum Water Level (MWL)
The level likely to be attained in a reservoir while
negotiating the adopted design flood. The level is also
called ‘Highest Flood Level’ , ‘spillway design flood
level’ or maximum water surface elevation .
 Reservoir Terminology

Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL)

 It is the lowest level up to which the reservoir may be
depleted for meeting various needs.
 In power projects, releases are allowable up to MDDL
instead of dead storage level, so as to maintain the
minimum head required for power generation.
 Reservoir Terminology
 Depletion Period
The period during which available storage in the
reservoir is released or depleted for meeting various
water demands or creating space for forecasted
inflow
 Design Flood/ Reservoir Design Flood
The magnitude of flood adopted for design purpose is
called design flood. It may be the probable maximum
flood (PMF) or a flood corresponding to desired
frequency, depending on the type of structure.
 Reservoir Terminology

Live Storage
Storage between the lowest outlet level of reservoir
or minimum drawdown level (MDDL) to the highest
controlled water level (FRL). Sometimes storage
between FRL and MDDL is called Live storage and FRL
and LOL is called as Active Storage
Dead Storage
Storage below the lowest outlet level of a
reservoir , which can not be released by usual
outlets means
 Reservoir Terminology

 Conservation Storage : Water impounded in a

reservoir for conservational uses such as irrigation,
power generation, industrial use, municipal supply etc.
It is part of live storage or live storage itself.
 Flood Control Storage: Storage space provided in
the reservoir for storing flood water temporarily.
 Reservoir Terminology

Induced Surcharge Storage

 It is the storage between the FRL and MWL .

 It is a fictitious space under normal condition and

therefore can not be used for storage. This space is
known as “ Induced Surcharge Storage ” available only
when gate operation begins.
 This is the additional storage space becomes available
against gate opening Crest RL .
 Reservoir Terminology

Carry Over Storage

Storage left over in a reservoir at the end of the
depletion period of a year which is available for use
in later years.
This storage is also called as ‘Over Year
Storage’.
Hydrological Aspects of Dam
Design

A) Design of Reservoir
Capacity

B) Design of Spillway Capacity

Hydrological Aspects of Dam
Design

A) Design of Reservoir Capacity

Dependability analysis / Simulation

B) Design of Spillway

Probable Maximum Precipitation

(PMP) Probable Maximum Flood

(PMF)
Dependability Analysis for

Design of Reservoir
Capacity
 Dependability
Analysis
What is Dependability ?
o It is probability of equal or exceedence of event in
given time interval
o It is probability analysis method for
fixing reservoir capacity
o It is for that time interval only and will be
different if time interval changes
o It is less scientific, however established
method
 Dependability
Analysis
 The dependability is calculated by arranging all the
annual inflows in descending order and by using
Weibuls formula as below:
P = [ m / (n+1) ] *100
Where,
P = Dependability in percent
m = Rank of annual inflow
n = Number of years of
available data
Sr Year Inflow Year Inflow in Rank Dependability
No (MCM) descending P=[m/(n+1)] *100
order M= rank, n= no
of years
1 1994 536.39 2005 564.91 1 P=[1/(15+1)] *100 = 6.25 %
2 1995 469.31 1994 536.39 2 12.5 %
3 1996 267.3 1999 479.93 3 18.75%
4 1997 448.68 1995 469.31 4 25%
5 1998 407.87 1997 448.68 5 31.25%
6 1999 479.93 1998 407.87 6 37.5%
7 2000 306.08 2007 394.38 7 43.75%
8 2001 172.68 2008 387.81 8 50 %
9 2002 366.36 2003 387.09 9 56.25%
10 2003 387.09 2002 366.36 10 62.50%
11 2004 239.7 2006 363.71 11 68.7%5
12 2005 564.91 2000 306.08 12 75%
13 2006 363.71 1996 267.3 13 81.25%
14 2007 394.38 2004 239.7 14 87.5%
15 2008 387.81 2001 172.68 15 P=[(15/15+1] *100 = 93.75%
 Recommendations of Technical Committee
(2007) on Reservoir Operation

1 Normally, reservoir shall be regulated in such a way that

the floods impinging upon the reservoir be safely routed
without any risk to the structure itself / damage to
downstream property on the (Equal weightage).

2 Normally for flood management, it is desirable to fill the

reservoir at the end of monsoon (not early) while
meeting the normal requirements of the releases for the
period.
 Recommendations

3 During filling period, the lake level shall not be

brought near FRL too early if the historical data shows
that even by prescribing limiting lake filling levels, the
lake can be filled up.

4 The aspect of moderation of floods is also more or less

in-built in case of ungated reservoirs (Rigid Schedule).
Only factor that needs to be carefully decided is the
design flood , the adequacy of waste weir and flood lift.
 Recommendations
5 Reservoirs are classified as single purpose, multi
purpose and system of reservoirs. Most of the
reservoirs in Maharashtra are classified as multi
purpose reservoirs to serve more than one purpose
which may be a combination of any of the
conservation uses such as irrigation, power
generation, industrial use, municipal water supply
etc. with or without flood control.
The general principles of joint use of
storage space be kept in mind during reservoir
operations
 Recommendations

6 Reservoirs in Maharashtra are operated with rigid

schedules (fixed rules). The change over should take
place from rigid to semi-rigid schedules with the advent
of advance flood forecasting techniques together with
weather and climate forecast.
In semi-rigid schedules, the daily reservoir operations are
based on current forecasts of stream flow with such
adjustments as may be prudent based on the current
precipitation outlook. They involve day-to-day
decisions based on judgement but supported by the
knowledge gained from studies of past floods.
 Recommendations

7 In case of gated reservoirs, a part of the conservation

storage space forms a part of the flood control storage
space. Semi rigid or flexible ROS shall have to be
evolved keeping both the requirements in view.
8 Any error in operation of reservoir may not fill up the
lake as required in spite of adequate rains.
9 Reservoir has to be full at the end of monsoon, while
handling the floods. This is achieved by preparing
guide curves and gate operation schedules together
with operative advance flood forecasting system.
10 ROS shall be prepared for all gated reservoirs.
 Reservoir Operation Schedule of
Sr …….
Date Level in m Gross Storage
No (Decided on 75% dependability, (MCM)
Lower Guide Curve)
1 15 June 462.431 2374.750
2 1 July 462.480 2391.969
3 15 July 462.738 2480.347
4 1 Aug 462.696 2465.750
5 15 Aug 462.815 2507.138
6 1 Sept 463.656 2811.468
7 15 Sept 463.808 2871.960
8 1 Oct 463.829 2878.860
9 15 Oct 463.909 2909.041
Important References on Reservoir
Operation
• Dam Safety Manual, Chapter : 7, (Flood forecasting,
Reservoir operation and Gate operation – 1984)

• IS 7323: 1974 (Operation of reservoirs – Guide

lines)

• IS 7323: 1994 (Operation of reservoirs – Guide

lines)

• Maharashtra State Water Policy (July 2003)

• Technical committee report (May 2007)

Gate Operation
Schedule
 Gate Operation Schedule
(GOS)
 Gate Operation Schedule (GOS) is a schedule of
sequence and range of spillway gate opening, so as
to maintain Reservoir Operation Schedule or to
meet mandatory downstream water releases
 GOS is prepared on the basis of model studies

 GOS is prepared for all gated reservoirs

 Principle of Gate
operation
 It is sequence of gates and stages of flood
 Aim is to ensure safety of dam
 Is prepared on the basis of model studies
 If dam has stilling basins at two different elevations
then gates with stilling basin at lower level should be
operated first
 End gates should be opened first to avoid cross flow
 After that central gate/gates and other gates in
symmetrical manner starting from central towards the
end.
 Principle of Gate
operation

 Closing of gates should be reverse of the opening i.e.

gate opened last should be closed first.
 Difference of gate opening in any two consecutive
gates should not be more than 50 cm
 During closing lower the gate by 20-30 cm in proper
sequence
 Typical GOS
Gate Operation Sequence
3 1 2
6 7 6 1 3 2 3 1 4 5 4
Operate Bay 1 First (Gate no 4 to
8
1 2 3
Upper basin Gate numbers 9 10 11
Middle basin

4 5 6 7 8

Lowest stilling basin

Spillway of Hirakud
Dam
 Conclusions

 GOS prepared on the basis of model studies

 Bay with lowest level stilling basin should be operated
first
 End gates should be opened first to avoid cross flow
 After that central gate/gates and other gates in
symmetrical manner starting from central towards the
end.
Thank You