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Feedback Amplifiers

The document discusses feedback concepts in electronic circuits, illustrating how feedback connections can improve amplifier performance through various types of feedback such as voltage-series and current-shunt. It explains the effects of negative feedback on gain, input/output impedance, and frequency response, as well as the conditions for oscillator operation using positive feedback. Additionally, it outlines different types of oscillators, including RC phase shift and crystal oscillators.

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Prajjwal Jain
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12 views24 pages

Feedback Amplifiers

The document discusses feedback concepts in electronic circuits, illustrating how feedback connections can improve amplifier performance through various types of feedback such as voltage-series and current-shunt. It explains the effects of negative feedback on gain, input/output impedance, and frequency response, as well as the conditions for oscillator operation using positive feedback. Additionally, it outlines different types of oscillators, including RC phase shift and crystal oscillators.

Uploaded by

Prajjwal Jain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronic Devices and Circuits with Product Design

B.Tech. (ECE) – 3rd Sem


Course Code: ECDC0203
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
 FEEDBACK CONCEPTS

Fig. 7.1 Simple block diagram of feedback amplifier.


Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
 FEEDBACK CONCEPTS
 A typical feedback connection is shown in Fig. 7.1.
 The input signal, Vs, is applied to a mixer network, where it is
combined with a feedback signal, Vf. The difference of these
signals, Vi, is then the input voltage to the amplifier. A portion of
the amplifier output, Vo, is connected to the feedback network (β),
which provides a reduced portion of the output as feedback signal
to the input mixer network.

 If the feedback signal is of opposite polarity to the input signal, as


shown in Fig. 7.1, negative feedback results. While negative
feedback results in reduced overall voltage gain, a number of
improvements are obtained, among them being:
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
 Higher input impedance.
 Better stabilized voltage gain.
 Improved frequency response.
 Lower output impedance.
 Reduced noise.
 More linear operation.
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
 FEEDBACK CONNECTION TYPES
 Voltage-series feedback
 Voltage-shunt feedback
 Current-series feedback
 Current-shunt feedback
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits

Fig. 7.2 voltage-series feedback, Af = Vo/Vs


Feedback and Oscillator Circuits

Fig. 7.3 voltage-shunt feedback, Af = Vo/Is


Feedback and Oscillator Circuits

Fig. 7.4 current-series feedback, Af = Io/Vs


Feedback and Oscillator Circuits

Fig. 7.5 current-shunt feedback, Af = Io/Is


Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
 Important Points
 voltage refers to connecting the output voltage as input to the
feedback network; current refers to tapping off some output
current through the feedback network. Series refers to connecting
the feedback signal in series with the input signal voltage; shunt
refers to connecting the feedback signal in shunt (parallel) with an
input current source.
 Series feedback connections tend to increase the input resistance,
while shunt feedback connections tend to decrease the input
resistance.
 Voltage feedback tends to decrease the output impedance, while
current feedback tends to increase the output impedance.
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
 Important Points
 Typically, higher input and lower output impedances are desired
for most cascade amplifiers. Both of these are provided using the
voltage-series feedback connection.
 Gain with Feedback

Table 7.1 A summary of the gain, feedback factor, and gain with feedback
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
 VOLTAGE-SERIES FEEDBACK

Fig. 7.6 Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier


Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
 Overall Gain Reduction: Figure 7.6 shows the voltage-series
feedback connection with a part of the output voltage fed back in
series with the input signal, resulting in an overall gain reduction.
If there is no feedback (Vf = 0), the voltage gain of the amplifier

(7.1)
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
 Input Impedance with Feedback:

Fig. 7.6 Voltage series feedback connections in detail


Feedback and Oscillator Circuits

(7.2)
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
 Output Impedance with Feedback: The output impedance is
determined by applying a voltage, V, resulting in a current, I, with
Vs shorted out (Vs = 0). The voltage V is then

(7.3)
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
 Reduction in Frequency Distortion
 Reduction in Noise and Nonlinear Distortion
 Effect of Negative Feedback on Gain and Bandwidth

Fig. 7.8 Effect of Negative Feedback on Gain and Bandwidth


Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
 OSCILLATOR OPERATION: The use of positive feedback
that results in a feedback amplifier having closed-loop
gain |Af | greater than 1 and satisfies the phase conditions will
result in operation as an oscillator circuit.
 An oscillator circuit then provides a varying output signal. If the
output signal varies sinusoidally, the circuit is referred to as a
sinusoidal oscillator.
 If the output voltage rises quickly to one voltage level and later
drops quickly to another voltage level, the circuit is generally
referred to as a pulse or square-wave oscillator.
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits

Fig. 7.9 Feedback circuit used as an oscillator


Feedback and Oscillator Circuits

 When the switch at the amplifier input is open, no oscillation


occurs. Consider that we have a fictitious voltage at the amplifier
input (Vi).
 This results in an output voltage Vo = AVi after the amplifier stage
and in a voltage Vf = β(AVi) after the feedback stage. Thus, we
have a feedback voltage Vf = β(AVi), where A is referred to as the
loop gain.
 If the circuits of the base amplifier and feedback network provide
A of a correct magnitude and phase, Vf can be made equal to
Vi. Then, when the switch is closed and fictitious voltage Vi is
removed, the circuit will continue operating since the feedback
voltage is sufficient to drive the amplifier and feedback circuits
resulting in a proper input voltage to sustain the loop operation.
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits

 The output waveform will still exist after the switch is closed if
the condition Aβ = 1 is met. This is known as the Barkhausen
criterion for oscillation.
 In reality, no input signal is needed to start the oscillator going.
Only the condition Aβ = 1 must be satisfied for self-sustained
oscillations to result.
 In practice, Aβ is made greater than 1 and the system is started
oscillating by amplifying noise voltage, which is always present.
Saturation factors in the practical circuit provide an “average”
value of Aβ of 1. The resulting waveforms are never exactly
sinusoidal. However, the closer the value Aβ is to exactly 1, the
more nearly sinusoidal is the waveform.
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits

Fig. 7.10 Buildup of steady-state oscillations.


Feedback and Oscillator Circuits

 Types of Oscillators:
 RC phase shift oscillator
 Wien Bridge oscillator
 Tuned frequency oscillators
 Crystal oscillator
 Unijunction oscillator
Thanks…..

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