INTRODUCTION TO

MICROPRPCESSOR
E 4160
CHAPTER OUTLINE
 Block diagram of a computer system
 Basic components of a computer system using
block diagrams:
 Cpu
 Memory
 Input and output unit
 Evolution of microprocessor : 4,8,16,32 dan 64 byte
 Nibble, byte, word dan longword
 Fecthing and execution cycles.
 Internal structure and basic operation of a
microprocessor (arithmetic and logic unit, control unit,
register sets, accumulator, condition code register,
program counter, stack pointer)
 Bus system: data bus, address bus and control bus.
 Microprocessor clock system
 Examples of microprocessor: 8085,8086. 2
Introduction
 A computer is a programmable machine
that receives input, stores and manipulates
data//information, and provides output in a
useful format.
1.1 DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER
SYSTEM
A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and
manipulates data//information, and provides output in a useful format.

Diagram Of A Computer System

1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A BASIC
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Basic computer system consist of a Central processing unit (CPU),
memory (RAM and ROM), input/output (I/O) unit.

Address bus

ROM RAM I/O I/O

CPU interface devices

Data bus Control

bus

Block diagram of a basic computer system 5

BASIC COMPONENT OF MICROCOMPUTER
1. CPU - Central Processing Unit
 the portion of a computer system that carries out the
instructions of a computer program
 the primary element carrying out the computer's
functions. It is the unit that reads and executes
program instructions.
 The data in the instruction tells the processor what to
do.

Pentium D dual core processors

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2. Memory
 physical devices used to store data or programs
(sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent
basis for use in an electronic digital computer.
 Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties:
random-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory
(ROM).
 RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU
commands it, but ROM is pre-loaded with data and
software that never changes, so the CPU can only read
from it.
 ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-
up instructions.
 In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power
to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data
indefinitely.
 In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the
BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's 7
operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM
whenever the computer is turned on or reset.
3. I/O Unit

 Input/output (I/O), refers to the communication

between an information processing system (such as a
computer), and the outside world possibly a human, or
another information processing system.
 Inputs are the signals or data received by the system,
and outputs are the signals or data sent from it
 Devices that provide input or output to the computer are
called peripherals
 On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input
devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices
such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy
disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input
and output devices. Computer networking is another
form of I/O.
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EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR

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SOME TERMINOLOGIES
 Architecture
 Data; input output
 Bus

 Bit; byte; Word; double/quad

word
 Registers Accumulator Flags
 Memory

 Flags

 Operand

 Instruction

 Peripheral 10

 Pipelining
DATA SIZE

Nibble 4 bit

Byte 8 bit

Word 16 bit

Long 32 bit
word

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FETCHING & EXECUTION CYCLES
 Fetching Cycles
 The fetch cycle takes the instruction
required from memory, stores it in the
instruction register, and
 moves the program counter on one so
that it points to the next instruction.
 Execute cycle

 The actual actions which occur during the

execute cycle of an instruction.
 depend on both the instruction itself and
the addressing mode specified to be used 12
to access the data that may be required.
FETCHING AN INSTRUCTION
 Step 1
Instruction pointer (program counter) hold the address
of the next instruction to be fetch.

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FETCHING AN INSTRUCTION (cont.)
 Step 2

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FETCHING AN INSTRUCTION (cont.)
 Step 3

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FETCHING AN INSTRUCTION (cont.)
 Step 4

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FETCHING AN INSTRUCTION (cont.)

 Step 5

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FETCHING AN INSTRUCTION (cont.)
 Step 6

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INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND BASIC
OPERATION OF MICROPROCESSOR

Address bus
ALU Register
Section
Data bus
Control and timing
section Control bus

Block diagram of a microprocessor 19

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ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
 The component that performs the arithmetic
and logical operations
 the most important components in a

microprocessor, and is typically the part of the

processor that is designed first.
 able to perform the basic logical operations

(AND, OR), including the addition operation.

 The inclusion of inverters on the inputs

enables the same ALU hardware to perform

the subtraction operation (adding an inverted
operand), and the operations NAND and NOR.
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INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF ALU

2 bits of ALU 4 bits of ALU 22

CONTROL UNIT
 The circuitry that controls the flow of
information through the processor, and
coordinates the activities of the other units
within it.
 In a way, it is the "brain within the brain", as

it controls what happens inside the

processor, which in turn controls the rest of
the PC.
 On a regular processor, the control unit

performs the tasks of fetching, decoding,

managing execution and then storing results.
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INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF CONTROL
UNIT

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REGISTER SETS
 The register section/array consists completely
of circuitry used to temporarily store data
or program codes until they are sent to the
ALU or to the control section or to memory.

 The number of registers are different for any

particular CPU and the more register a CPU
have will result in easier programming tasks.

 Registers are normally measured by the

number of bits they can hold, for example, an
"8-bit register" or a "32-bit register". 25
REGISTER IN MOTOROLA 68000
MICROPROCESSOR
31 16 15 8 7 0
D0
D1
D2
D3 DATA REGISTERS
D4
D5
D6
D7
31 16 15 8 7 0
A0
A1
A2
A3 ADDRESS REGISTERS
A4
A5
A6
A7

USER STACK POINTER

SUPERVISOR STACK POINTER
A7 STACK POINTER

PC PROGRAM CONTER 26
15 8 7 0
SYSTEM BYTE USER VYTE SR STATUS REGISTER
ACCUMULATOR
 a register in which intermediate arithmetic
and logic results are stored.
 example for accumulator use is summing a

list of numbers.
 The accumulator is initially set to zero, then each
number in turn is added to the value in the
accumulator.
 Only when all numbers have been added is the
result held in the accumulator written to main
memory or to another, non-accumulator, CPU
register.

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CONDITION CODE REGISTER (CCR)
 an 8 bit register used to store the status of
CPU, such as carry, zero, overflow and half
carry.

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Flag Name Description
Indicates that the result of a mathematical or logical operation
Z Zero flag
was zero.

Indicates that the result of an operation produced an answer

greater than the number of available bits. (This flag may also
C Carry flag
be set before a mathematical operation as an extra operand to
certain instructions, e.g. "add with carry".)

Masks the XIRQ request when set. It is set by the hardware

X Extend flag and cleared by the software as well is set by unmaskable
XIRQ.

Indicates that the result of a mathematical operation is

negative. In some processors, the N and S flags have different
N Negative/ Sign flag meanings: the S flag indicates whether a subtraction or
addition has taken place, whereas the N flag indicates whether
the last operation result is positive or negative.

Indicates that the result of an operation has overflowed

V Overflow Flag according to the CPU's word representation, similar to the
carry flag but for signed operations.

Interrupts can be enabled or disabled by respectively setting

I interrupts or clearing this flag. Modifying this flag may be restricted to 29
programs executing in supervisor mode
PROGRAM COUNTER (PC)
a 16 bit register, used to store the next
address of the operation code to be
fetched by the CPU.
 Not much use in programming, but as
an indicator to user only.
 Purpose of PC in a Microprocessor
to store address of tos (top of stack)
 to store address of next instruction
to be executed.
count the number of instructions.
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to store base address of the stack.
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PC

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STACK POINTER (SP)
 The stack is configured as a data
structure that grows downward from
high memory to low memory.
 At any given time, the SP holds the 16-
bit address of the next free location in
the stack.
 The stack acts like any other stack
when there is a subroutine call or on
an interrupt. ie. pushing the return
address on a jump, and retrieving it
after the operation is complete to 32
come back to its original location.
BUS SYSTEM
 a subsystem that transfers data between
computer components inside a computer or
between computers.

4 PCI Express bus card slots (from top to bottom: x4, x16, x1 and x16),
compared to a traditional 32-bit PCI bus card slot (very bottom).

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BUS SYSTEM CONNECTION

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DATA BUS
 The data bus is 'bi-directional'
 data or instruction codes from memory or
input/output.are transferred into the
microprocessor
 the result of an operation or computation is
sent out from the microprocessor to the
memory or input/output.
 Depending on the particular
microprocessor, the data bus can handle
8 bit or 16 bit data.
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ADDRESS BUS
 The address bus is 'unidirectional', over
which the microprocessor sends an address
code to the memory or input/output.
 The size (width) of the address bus is

specified by the number of bits it can handle.

 The more bits there are in the address bus,

the more memory locations a microprocessor

can access.
 A 16 bit address bus is capable of addressing

65,536 (64K) addresses.

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CONTROL BUS
 The control bus is used by the
microprocessor to send out or receive timing
and control signals in order to coordinate and
regulate its operation and to communicate
with other devices, i.e. memory or
input/output.

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MICRO PROCESSOR CLOCK
 Also called clock rate, the speed at which a
microprocessor executes instructions. Every computer
contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at
which instructions are executed and synchronizes all the
various computer components.
 The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or clock
cycles) to execute each instruction. The faster the clock,
the more instructions the CPU can execute per second.
Clock speeds are expressed in megahertz (MHz) or
gigahertz ((GHz).
 Some microprocessors are superscalar, which means
that they can execute more than one instruction per
clock cycle.
 Like CPUs, expansion buses also have clock speeds.
Ideally, the CPU clock speed and the bus clock speed
should be the same so that neither component slows
down the other. In practice, the bus clock speed is often
slower than the CPU clock speed, which creates a 38
bottleneck. This is why new local buses, such as AGP,
have been developed.
8086
 The 8086 is a 16-bit
microprocessor chip designed by
Intel, which gave rise to the x86
architecture; development work
on the 8086 design started in the
spring of 1976 and the chip was
introduced to the market in the
summer of 1978.
 The Intel 8088, released in 1979,
was a slightly modified chip with
an external 8-bit data bus
(allowing the use of cheaper and
fewer supporting logic chips and
is notable as the processor used
in the original IBM PC. 39
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ROLE OF MICROCONTROLLERS IN IOT
 The IoT requires sensors and actuators to form the
link between the physical and digital worlds.
 A sensor converts a physical state into an
analogue or digital signal, while an actuator turns a
digital signal into some physical effect.
 Most IoT applications require more than just adding
a sensor to a physical object.
 The next step in the IoT architecture is the
computing system which processes or generates
the digital signals.
 Both microcontrollers and microprocessors can
perform these operations.
 ‘Smart objects,’ -the addition of an Internet
connected microcontroller known as an MCU. 43
CHOOSING A MICROCONTROLLER
FOR IOT SYSTEM
 TI, Samsung, Arduino, Raspberry Pi
 Choosing MC depends on a number of factors that

vary depending on the nature of application.

 Compatibility:

 Architecture:

 Memory

 Availability:

 Power:

 Cost:

 Development Kit
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 Development Support: