Source Transformation

Circuit Analysis Techniques:

Two approaches for circuit analysis

1. Nodal analysis – to any circuit
2. Mesh analysis – to only planar network

Nodal analysis – we write a set of simultaneous equations

in which variables are voltages

Mesh analysis – we write a set of simultaneous equations

in which variables are current
 Nodal Analysis
An arbitrary node is chosen as reference node and
denoted as

The reference node is 0 V. Since the potential

difference with itself is zero.
Consider the circuit
Va Vb
+ + which is
Va Vb
simply
-
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 Nodal analysis for circuits with No
voltage sources
Given a circuit with n nodes and no voltage sources, proceed as
follows
1. Select any node as reference node
2. Label the remaining n-1 nodes (e.g., v1, v2, …)
3. Arbitrarily assign currents to the elements in which no
current is designated
4. Apply KCL at each non reference node
5. Using Ohms law express currents through resistors in terms
of voltages and substitute them in current equations
obtained in step 4
6. Solve the set of n-1ELECTRICAL
simultaneous equations for the node 4
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Example 2.1 For the circuit given below, use nodal
analysis to find the currents and the resistance
loading the independent voltage source.

2Ω 1Ω v3
v1 v2

i1 i3 i4

3V 6Ω ¼ V2 8Ω

i2

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Since there is a voltage source connected
between node v1 and the reference node, we
do not apply KCL at node v1.

By inspection v1 = 3 volts

At node v2 , by KCL , i1 + i2 + i3 = 0

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 And so by Ohm’s law
v1  v2  v2 v3  v2
  0
2 6 1
 10v2  6v3  9 .........eqn1

At node v3, by KCL

1
v2  i3  i4 0
4
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And by Ohms law
1 v3
v2  (v3  v2 )  0
4 8
 6v2  9v3 0............eqn 2
From eqn 2 v3 2v2 / 3 , substituti ng in eqn 1
2v 2
 10v2  6( )  9
3
v2 1.5volts and hence v3 2v2 / 3 1volt

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 After finding nodal voltages we can find the currents
v1  v2 3  1.5
i1   0.75 A ,
2 2
 v2  1.5
i2    0.25 A
6 6
v3  v2
i3  1  1.5  0.5 A
1
v3 1
i4   0.125 A
8 8
3 3
The resis tan ce loading the voltage source is R   4
i1 0.75

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first we pick a reference node and label the various node voltages, assigning
values where these are known

next we sum the currents flowing into the nodes for which the node voltages
are unknown. This gives

50  V2 V3  V2 0  V2
  0
10 20 15
V2  V3 100  V3 0  V3
  0
20 30 25
– Simplifying the above two equations, we get

13V2  3V3 300

 15V2  37V3 1000

– solving these two equations gives

V2 = 32.34 V
V3 = 40.14 V

– and the required current is given by

V3 40.14 V
I1   1.6 A
25  25 
 Determinants and Cramer’s rule
• To solve two simultaneous equations
a1x1 + a2x2 = d1
b1x1 + b2x2 = d2
The determinant D
a1 a2
D= b1 b2 =a1b2 –b1a2

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D1 = d1 a2 = d 1 b2 – d 2 a 2
d2 b2

D2 = a1 d1
b1 d2 = a1 d 2 – b 1 d 1

By Cramer’s rule
and

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In case of three equations with three unknowns
a 1 x 1 + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 = d1
b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 = d2
c 1 x1 + c2 x 2 + c3 x3 = d3
Determinant D is
a1 a 2 a 3
D = b1 b2 b3 = a1 (b2 c3 - b3 c2 ) – a2(b1 c3 – b3 c1 )
c1 c2 c3 + a3 (b1 c2 -c1 b 2 )

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 d1 a2 a3
D1 = d2 b2 b3
d3 c2 c3 a1 a2 d1
D3 = b1 b2 d2
a1 d1 a3 c1 c2 d3
D2 = b1 d2 b3
Then by Cramer’s rule
c1 d3 c3
D1 D2 D3
x1  x2  and x3 
D D D
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 Mesh Analysis
Mesh: A loop passing though at least one branch
Basic rule: The sum of Voltages around any loop
must be Zero
Mesh analysis is used only for planar networks.
Given a planar circuit with m meshes and no current
sources, proceed as follows:
1. Place mesh currents (ex i1, i2,…..im ) in the m (finite
meshes.
2. Arbitrarily assign voltages to the elements for
which no voltage is designated.
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3. Apply KVL to each of the m meshes.
4. Using Ohm’s law express voltage across
resistors in currents and substitute in the
voltage equations obtained in step 3.
5. Solve the resulting set of m simultaneous
equations for mesh currents.

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 Mesh Analysis
Using mesh analysis, the voltages across the
resistors can be determined.

1Ω 1Ω

V1 V2

2Ω i2
5V i1 V3 10V

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After selecting mesh currents we now apply KVL to each mesh :
For mesh i1 we get v1  v3 5
U sin g Ohm' s law we have
1i1  2i1  i2  5 or 3i1  2i2 5 ........... eqn 1
For mesh i2 we get v2  v3 10
U sin g Ohm' s law we have
 1i2  2i1  i2 10 or 2i1  3i2 10 .......eqn 2
Solving 1 and 2 we get
i1  1A and i2  4 A

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Hence the voltages are
v1 1i1  1V
v2  1i2 4V
v3 2i1  i2  6V
The current through the 2 resistor is i1  i2 3 A

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THE END