BITS Pilani

Dubai Campus

INTRODUCTION
 Chapter 1

To study the basic circuit elements

and the laws
Passive circuit elements, Voltage and Current sources,
resistors and Ohm’s law, KCL,KVL, Independent and
Dependent sources
 Basic elements and Laws
1. Electric circuit or network – collection of electric components. E.g.,
voltage and current sources, resistors, inductors, capacitors etc.
2. Passive elements are those which take energy from the circuit, e.g.,
capacitor stores charge, inductor stores magnetic energy and resistor
dissipates energy. These are passive elements.
3. Active elements are those which supply energy to the circuit e.g.,
voltage and current sources, battery, motor, etc. These are active
elements.
4. Circuit analysis – determining the behavior of a given circuit.

Electric charge is measured in Coulombs (C)

Energy expended on electric charge (joules per coulomb), measured in Volts
(V). Also, a measure of electric potential.
 Voltage Sources
- A device that produces a Terminal 1

voltage or potential difference +

V volts
of V volts across its terminals -
- V can be + ve or – ve Terminal 2

- Following are equivalent ideal voltage sources:

Terminal Terminal
1 1
5 volts
- +
+ -5 volts
-
Terminal Terminal
Terminal 1 is at a potential2 Terminal 1 is -5 V higher 2
which is +5v lower than 2 than that of terminal 2
 Voltage Sources
V
The ideal voltage source is
constant and does not change 3
2
1
with time. Such a device is an t
0
ideal battery. Constant voltage

Battery symbol:
Terminal 1 Terminal 1
+
+ V volts
V volts
- -
Terminal 2 Terminal 2
Generally, the voltage produced by an ideal voltage source will
be a function of time. Then it is represented as v(t).
E.g., v(t)=sin(ωt)

Termina
l1
Since voltage is a function of time, +
V (t) volts
-
ideal voltage source is represented
Termina
as V(t) l2
Example 1.1
Suppose the voltage v(t) produced by the ideal voltage
source is described by volts. Determine the
value of this voltage at the instants of time t = 0 s, t = 0.5 s,
t =1 s and t = 1.5s.

Solution
For t = 0 s,
For t = 0.5 s, V(0.5) = 1.32 V
For t = 1 s, V(1) = 3.65 V
For t = 1.5 s, V(1.5) = 4.5 V
 Current Sources

• When there is an electric potential difference (voltage)

across any material, negative charges flows from lower
potential to higher potential.
• Positive charges flows from a higher potential to a lower
potential.
• Flow of charges is denoted as q(t) as it is time dependent.
• Therefore, current and the unit of current is
amperes.
Current Sources

• Direction of current is conventionally the direction in

which the positive charges flow.
• Arrow indicates the flow of current
• It can also be a function of time, i(t).
Terminal
1
i amps
or i(t)

Terminal
2
Ideal Current Source
A current source places a constraint on the current through it –
there is no constraint on the voltage across a current source.
The voltage across a current source depends on what is
connected to that source. Following are equivalent ideal
current sources. Terminal 1 Terminal 1

-3 amps 3 amps

Terminal 2 Terminal 2
 Constraints on the voltage
and current source:
Voltage Source
There is a constraint on the voltage across its terminal, but there
is no constraint on the current through it
Current depends on what is connected to the source.
Current source
There is a constraint on the current through it terminal, but there
is no constraint on the voltage across it.
Voltage across the current source depends on what is connected to that
source.
 Resistors and Ohm’s Law
Consider the following circuit

i(t
i(t
)
+ + +) + +
v(t) + MATERIAL

- e-

i(t
)
•For a current to flow, voltage has to be present
•The resulting current i(t) is always directly proportional to the voltage v(t)
i.e. Or
The proportionality constant R is called resistance and is measured in Ohms
(Ω).
In the above circuit, the material is the resistor.
 Resistance

The resistance R is, is Ohm’s Law

& are also forms of Ohm’s Law

v

R Symbol for R

0 1
i
A plot of voltage vs current
 Resistance (Direction of
current)
If the current is reversed in the circuit below
R
i(t)
v(t)=R i(t)
+ v(t)
i1(t) -R -i1(t) R
≡
+ v1(t) + v1(t)
v (t)=R [-i -(t)] which is
1 1 v1(t)=-R [i1(t)] -
R
i1(t)
Alternatively,

- -v1(t) +
-v1(t)=R i1(t) or v1(t) = -R i1(t)
 Drill Ex 1.2
a) For the circuit given below, what value for R will result in
v(t) = -2.5V?

+
25µA R=? V(t)
-

Solution
b) For the circuit shown, when R = 4Ω, what voltage will
produce the current i(t) = 3e-2t – 7e-7t A?

i(t)

V(t)
+ R
-

Solution

= 4 x 3e-2t – 7e-7t
= 12e-2t – 28e-7t volts
 i(t)
Current through an ideal
+ +
voltage source can be anything v(t) R
v(t)
- -

i(t)
Voltage across an ideal +
current source can be anything i(t) v(t) R
-
 Short circuit

Consider R = 0

By Ohm’s law
Such a circuit is short circuit.

i(t)
i(t) +
+
v(t)=0V R=0Ω Source v(t)=0V
Source
- -

A zero–ohm resistor is equivalent to an ideal voltage source whose

value is zero volts provided the current through it is finite .
 Open Circuit
Consider . Then
Such a circuit is open circuit

i(t)=0A i(t)= 0V
+ +
v(t) v(t)
- -

An infinite resistance is equivalent to an ideal current source

whose value is zero amperes
 Kirchoff’s Current Law
(KCL)
In an electrical circuit, the connection of two or more
elements is called a node.
KCL: At any node of a circuit, at every instant of time, the
sum of the currents into the node is equal to the sum of the
currents out of the node.
Or
At any node of a circuit, the currents algebraically sum to
zero.
Let us consider the following circuit

i3(t)
i2(t)
vg(t) Node

- i4(t)
+
i1(t) is(t)

i5(t)
i1(t)+i4(t)+i5(t)=i2(t)+i3(t)+is(t)
Or
i1(t)+i4(t)+i5(t)-i2(t)-i3(t)-is(t)=0
Example: Let us consider a circuit shown below
i3
i1 i2
+
13A 1Ω 2Ω v 2A 3Ω
-

Let us arbitrarily assign the current and its direction

Apply KCL at either of the two nodes , we get
13-i1+i2-2-i3=0 =🡺 i1-i2+i3=11 -------------------(1)
Let the voltage across the 1Ω , 2Ω and 3 Ω resistor be v Volts
By Ohms law

Using (1) we can solve for v

Now i1 , i2 and i3 values can be calculated.

I1=6A , i2=-3A, i3=2A

Consider the following circuit
i6

i3 Region 1

i1 is i5
Region 2
ig i7
+ i4
i2
-

Region 3

Let us identify three regions in this

 Region 1

Consider Region 1 i6
Applying KCL at n1, i3 Regio
n1
we get i1=i2+i3+is i1 i5
n1 i s n2
Applying KCL at n2, ig
i7
+ i4
we get i4+i5+is+i3=0 - i2

Solving the above 2 equations

we get i2=i1+i4+i5
Region 2 & 3

Applying KCL at Region 2

i5+i6+i7=0 i6
i3
Region 2
i1 i5
is
Applying KCL at Region 3 ig
i2+i7=i4+ig i7
+ i4
- i2

Region 3
 RESISTANCES IN
PARALLEL
Consider i
i n1 n1
+ +
Arbitrary
Arbitrary v R1 R2 Circuit
v
Circuit i1 i2 -
-
n2 n2

By Ohm’s Law and

By KCL Or

This is a parallel connection where current is divided

CURRENT DIVISION

Current Division for resistors:

i
n1

ARBITRARY
CIRCUIT v R1 R2
- i1 i2

n2

Conductance
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
(KVL)
Loop is a complete or closed electrical path with electrical
components and one or more sources with current flow in
it.
KVL: In any loop in any circuit, at every instant of time,
the sum of voltages having one polarity equals the sum of
the voltages having the opposite polarity.
Or
The sum of the voltage drops around a closed loop is
equal to the sum of the voltage sources of that loop
Example
Consider the following simple circuit
+V - vR1 - vR2 = 0 R1=10Ω

+V = iR1 + iR2 _
+
+
V = i(R1 + R2)
+
i = V/(R1 + R2) V= 5v _ R2= 20Ω
_
∴i = 5/(10+20)
=0.16 A
 Drill Ex 1.5
For the circuit shown below, to what value of V such that the resulting
current is i=2A ?, what are the corresponding value of v1, v2, and v3?

?V
i 2Ω
+ v1 -
+
10V
v2 4Ω
-
6Ω
+ v3 -
 Drill Ex 1.5
For the circuit shown below, to what value of V such that the resulting
current is i=2A ?, what are the corresponding value of v1, v2, and v3?

?V
i 2Ω
+ v1 -
+
10V
v2 4Ω
-
6Ω
+ v3 -

Thus
Resistors connected in
series
We can generalize it as for m resistors in series
R=R1+R2+R3+….Rm
i
n1 R1
+ + v1 - +
ARBITRARY
CIRCUIT v v2 R2
-
-
n2
i n1
+
ARBITRARY
CIRCUIT v
-
n2
VOLTAGE DIVISION

Voltage v is divided among R1 and R2, as v1 and v2

respectively.
i
n1 R1
+ + v1 - +
ARBITRORY
CIRCUIT v v2 R2
-
-
n2
 Drill Ex 1.6
Given following circuit, find the current i and the resistance loading
the source i 5Ω 9Ω

28V + +
4Ω 3Ω
v1 v2
- -
 Drill Ex 1.6
Given following circuit, find the current i and the resistance loading the
source
i 5Ω 9Ω

28V + +
4Ω 3Ω
v1 v2
- -

i 5 i 5
Ω Ω
28 + 4
+ +
12Ω 28 3Ω
V v1 Ω v2 V v1
- - -

∴i = 3.5 A and source resistance =8Ω

Sources can be combined as follows
 Independent and Dependent
Sources
Independent Source: This is a source, in which the
current and voltages are independent of the
behavior of circuit to which the sources belong.
Dependent Source: This is an ideal source, whose
value depends upon some variable in the circuit
to which the source belongs.

vs +
_ is

Independent source
 Drill Ex 1.10
In the circuit find v1, i1 & i2
i1 + i2
2A 3Ω v 2i1 2Ω

-
 Drill Ex 1.10
In the circuit find v1, i1 & i2
i1 + i2
By KCL, i1 + i2 +2 = 2 i1
2A 3Ω v 2i1 2Ω
– i1 + i2 = –2
-

By Ohm’s Law
i1 = v / 3 & i2 = v / 2

Thus Or

∴ v = – 12 V, Thus i1 = – 4 A
And i2 = – 12 / 2 = – 6 A
Thank you