Number System &

conversions

md. sydur rahman

lecturer
dept. of cse , bsfmstu
jamalpur-2012
 Number Systems
• The system used to count discrete units is called
number system.

• There are four systems of arithmetic which are often

used in digital electronics.

– Decimal Number System

– Binary Number System
– Octal Number System
– Hexa Decimal System
 Decimal Number system

• Decimal number system contains 10 digits:

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9; and that is why its base or radix is
10.

• Here radix means total number of digits used in any

system.

• To indicate digits greater than 9 (nine) we shall use

the sum of these digits times power of 10.
 Fractional DECIMAL SYSTEM

• Decimal System The decimal system is composed of 10

numerals or symbols. These 10 symbols are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9; using these symbols as digits of a number, we can
express any quantity. The decimal system, also called the
base-10 system because it has 10 digits.

1
10 4 103 10 2 101 100 10 10  2 10  3 10  4 105
 Decimal Number System
• The decimal number system is a positional
number system.

• Example:
 5 6 2 1 1 X 100 = 1
 103 102 101 100 2 X 101 = 20
 6 X 102 = 600
 5 X 103 = 5000
 Binary Number System
• The binary number system is also a positional
numbering system.

• Instead of using ten digits, 0 - 9, the binary system

uses only two digits, 0 and 1.
 Binary Number System

• The binary number system is also known as

base 2. The values of the positions are
calculated by taking 2 to some power.

• Why is the base 2 for binary numbers?

o Because we use 2 digits, the digits 0 and 1.
 Fractional BINARY SYSTEM

• In the binary system, there are only two symbols or possible

digit values, 0 and 1. This base-2 system can be used to
represent any quantity that can be represented in decimal or
other number system.

24 23 22 21 20 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5

• In digital systems the information that is being processed is

usually presented in binary form. Binary quantities can be
represented by any device that has only two operating states or
possible conditions. Eg. a switch has only open or closed. We
arbitrarily (as we define them) let an open switch represent
binary 0 and a closed switch represent binary 1. Thus we can
represent any binary number by using series of switches.
 Octal Number System

• Also known as the Base 8 System

• Uses digits 0 - 7
• Readily converts to binary
• Groups of three (binary) digits can be used to
represent each octal digit
• Also uses multiplication and division algorithms for
conversion to and from base 10
 Fractional OCTAL NUMBER
SYSTEM

• The octal number system has a base of eight, meaning that it

has eight possible digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.

84 83 82 81 80 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5
• Use to represent long binary numbers in computers and
microprocessors.
 Hexadecimal Number System
• Base 16 system
• Uses digits 0-9 &
letters A,B,C,D,E,F
• Groups of four bits
represent each
base 16 digit
 Fractional HEXADECIMAL NUMBER
SYSTEM
• The hexadecimal system uses base 16. Thus, it has 16 possible digit
symbols. It uses the digits 0 through 9 plus the letters A, B, C, D, E,
and F as the 16 digit symbols.

16 4 163 16 2 161 160 16  1 16  2 16  3 16  4 16  5

• Use to represent long binary numbers in computers and

microprocessors.
• These digits can use to program machine language.
Binary Numbering Scale

Base 2 Number Base 10 Equivalent Power Positional Value

000 0 20 1
001 1 21 2
010 2 22 4
011 3 23 8
100 4 24 16
101 5 25 32
110 6 26 64
111 7 27 128
 Significant Digits

Binary: 11101101

Most significant digit Least significant digit

Hexadecimal: 1D63A7A

Most significant digit Least significant digit

Number System
conversions
 Converting From Decimal to
Binary
• Make a list of the binary place values up to the number being
converted.
• Perform successive divisions by 2, placing the remainder of 0 or 1
in each of the positions from right to left.
• Continue until the quotient is zero.
• Example: 4210

25 24 23 22 21 20
32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 0

 DECIMAL TO BINARY
CONVERTION
• There are two methods to convert it:-

i. Revese of Binary-To-Digital Method

 Decimal number write as the sum of square
 0 & 1 is write on the byte

Example 1: Convert 4510 to the binary value

Solve = 4510 = 32 + 8 + 4 + 1
= 25 0 23 2 2 0 2 0

= 1 0 1 1 0 12
ii. Repeat division method
 The numbers is divide by 2.
 Balance for the question is written until the last answer.

Example : convert 2510 to binary

Solve = 2510 = ?2
= 252 12 balance 1 LSB
= 12 6 balance 0
2
6
= 2 3 balance 0
= 32 1 balance 1
= 1 0 balance 1 MSB
2
.
. . Answer = 110012
 Decimal to Binary Conversion
• The easiest way to convert a decimal number to its
binary equivalent is to use the Division Algorithm

• This method repeatedly divides a decimal number by

2 and records the quotient and remainder

– The remainder digits (a sequence of zeros and ones) form

the binary equivalent in least significant to most
significant digit sequence
 Division Algorithm
Convert 67 to its binary equivalent:
6710 = x2
Step 1: 67 / 2 = 33 R 1 Divide 67 by 2. Record quotient in next row

Step 2: 33 / 2 = 16 R 1 Again divide by 2; record quotient in next

row

Step 3: 16 / 2 = 8 R 0 Repeat again

Step 4: 8 / 2 = 4 R 0 Repeat again

Step 5: 4 / 2 = 2 R 0 Repeat again

Step 6: 2 / 2 = 1 R 0 Repeat again

Step 7: 1 / 2 = 0 R 1 STOP when quotient equals 0

1 0 0 0 0 1 12
 Decimal to binary (fractional)
• Examples:
• Convert the decimal number (12.0625)10 into binary number.
Solution:
Fractional part:
0.0625 x 2 = 0.1250 0
0.1250 x 2 = 0.2500 0
0.2500 x 2 = 0.500 0
0.500 x 2 = 1.000 1

(12.0625)10 = (1100.0001)2
Decimal to Octal Conversion
Examples:

• (315)10 = (473)8

8 315 3 LSD
8 39 7
8 4 4 MSD
0
 DECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERTION
• Convert from decimal to octal by using the repeated division
method used for decimal to binary conversion.
• Divide the decimal number by 8
• The first remainder is the LSB and the last is the MSB.

Example : convert 35910 to Decimal Value

Solve = 35910 = ?8
= 359 44 balance 7 LSB
8
44
= 8 5 balance 4
= 58 0 balance 5 MSB
.
. . Answer = 5478
 Decimal to Octal Conversion

Convert 42710 to its octal equivalent:

427 / 8 = 53 R3 Divide by 8; R is LSD

53 / 8 = 6 R5 Divide Q by 8; R is next digit
6 / 8 = 0 R6 Repeat until Q = 0

6538
 Decimal to Octal (fractional)
• Examples:
• Convert the decimal number (225.225)10 into octal number.
Solution:
Fractional part:
0.225 x 8 = 1.800 1
0.800 x 8 = 6.400 6
0.400 x 8 = 3.200 3
0.200 x 8 = 1.600 1
0.600 x 8 = 4.800 4

(225.225)10 = (341.16314)8
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

– Examples

• (315)10 = (13B)16

16 315 B LSD
16 19 3
16 1 1 MSD
0
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

Convert 83010 to its hexadecimal equivalent:

830 / 16 = 51 R14 = E in Hex

51 / 16 = 3 R3
3 / 16 = 0 R3

33E16
 Decimal to Hexadecimal (fractional)

• Examples:
• Convert the decimal number (225.225)10 into hexadecimal
number.
Solution:
Fractional part:
0.225 x 16 = 3.600 3
0.600 x 16 = 9.600 9

(225.225)10 = (E1.39)16
Converting from Binary to
Decimal

• Example of a binary number and the values of the

positions:
 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
 Converting from Binary to
Decimal
 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 X 20 = 1
 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 0 X 21 = 0
 1 X 22 = 4
 20 = 1 24 = 16 1 X 23 = 8
 21 = 2 25 = 32 0 X 24 = 0
 22 = 4 26 = 64 0 X 25 = 0
 23 = 8 1 X 26 = 64
7710
 Binary to Decimal Conversion
• The easiest method for converting a binary number to
its decimal equivalent is to use the Multiplication
Algorithm

• Multiply the binary digits by increasing powers of

two, starting from the right

• Then, to find the decimal number equivalent, sum

those products
 Multiplication Algorithm

Convert (10101101)2 to its decimal equivalent:

Binary 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
x x x x x x x x
Positional Values 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Products 128 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 1

17310
 Converting from Binary to
Decimal
Practice conversions:
Binary Decimal
11101
1010101
100111
 Converting From Decimal to
Binary

Practice conversions:
Decimal Binary
59
82
175
 BINARY TO OCTAL CONVERSION

• Can be converted by grouping the binary bit in group of three

starting from LSB
• Octal is a base-8 system and equal to two the power of three,
so a digit in Octal is equal to three digit in binary system.
 binary to hexadecimal system

1 Group the digits of the binary number by four starting from

the right.
2 Replace each group of four digits by an equivalent
hexadecimal digit.

Convert 101101012 into a hexadecimal number.

1011 01012 = B516

B 5
 Exercise

1 Convert 1010002 into a hexadecimal number.

2 Convert 111011112 into a hexadecimal number.

Octal to Decimal Conversion

Convert 6538 to its decimal equivalent:

Octal Digits 6 5 3
x x x
Positional Values
82 81 80
Products 384 + 40 + 3

42710
 OCTAL TO BINARY CONVERTION

• Convert from octal to binary by converting each octal digit

to a three bit binary equivalent
Octal digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Binary 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Equivalent
• Convert from binary to octal by grouping bits in threes
starting with the LSB.
• Each group is then converted to the octal equivalent
• Leading zeros can be added to the left of the MSB to fill out
the last group.
Octal to Binary Conversion
Each octal number converts to 3 binary digits

To convert 6538 to binary, just substitute

code:

6 5 3

110 101 011

 Hexadecimal to Decimal
Conversion
Convert 3B4F16 to its decimal equivalent:

Hex Digits
3 B 4 F
x x x x
Positional Values
163 162 161 160
Products 12288 +2816 + 64 +15

15,18310
 HEXADECIMAL TO binary

• To convert a hexadecimal to binary number, convert each hexadecimal

digit to its 4 bit equivalent using the hexa number.

• Example: (23.AB)16 = ()2

Solution: (23.AB)16 = 2 3 . A B

0010 0011 1010 1011

(23.AB)16 = (00100011.10101011)2
 HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERTION

• There is two ways to convert it:-

i. Hexadecimal – Decimal – Octal
ii. Hexadecimal – Binary – Octal
i. Hexadecimal – Decimal – Octal
i. Hexadecimal – Binary – Octal
Hexadecimal Number System
Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Binary Decimal Hexadecimal
0 0 0 1010 10 A
1 1 1 1011 11 B
10 2 2 1100 12 C
11 3 3 1101 13 D
100 4 4 1110 14 E
101 5 5 1111 15 F
110 6 6
111 7 7
1000 8 8
1001 9 9