CHANNEL CAPACITY

IMPROVEMENT OF VLC
SYSTEM WITH D-MIMO
RELAY

Under the Guidance of :- Presented by :-

Mr. Vinay Singh Ajitesh Kumar (1509731009)

Akshay Kumar Mishra (1509731012)
Ankit Mishra (1509731019)
Deepak Mishra (1509731038)
 TABLE OF CONTENT
 Introduction
 Motivation
 Objective
 Literature Review
 System Model
 Mathematical Model
 Simulation Parameters
 Result and Discussion
 Conclusion
 References
 INTRODUCTION
 Optical wireless communication (OWC) enables wireless connectivity using infrared, visible
or ultraviolet bands.

 OWC systems operating in the visible band (390-750 nm) are commonly referred to as
visible light communication (VLC).

 VLC can be possibly used in a wide range of applications including wireless local area
networks, wireless personal area networks and vehicular networks among others.

 Visible light communication (VLC) is rapidly emerging as a compelling technology for

supplementing traditional radio frequency communication and enabling new wireless device
use cases that are uniquely achievable with this technology.

 The key property of LEDs that enables VLC is their susceptibility to amplitude modulation at
frequencies high enough to achieve meaningful data rates while not affecting the LED’s
primary illumination function.
 MOTIVATION
According to Cisco’s Global IP Traffic Forecast, they predicted that by 2018 there will be 21
billion networked devices, up from 12 billion in 2013.
With approximately half of these devices will be mobile, meaning they stay connected through
wireless transmission (“Visual Networking Index”). Current systems use the radio frequency
spectrum.
Unfortunately, the radio frequency band is overcrowded and cannot keep up with the demand.
Visible Light Communication (VLC) can be used for communication in the same room.
These LEDs would be blinking much faster than the human eye can detect, making it non-
intrusive and unnoticeable.
In situations where privacy is key, visible light communication would act as a means of wireless
transmission that is completely safe from being captured outside the room.
Because of this fundamental difference in how this device works versus other forms of wireless
transmission, much of the costs associated with even reserving a frequency can be dismissed and
the overhead becomes much lower.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
S. No. Reference Findings Limitations

1. Jovicic, A., Li, J. and Richardson, T., Visible light communication can The downlink use case has the
2013. Visible light communication: supplement radio frequency potential to enhance wireless network
opportunities, challenges and the communication and improve wireless performance, there are certain
path to market. IEEE network performance wherever short- business challenges facing its
Communications Magazine, 51(12), range links are used widespread adoption in the consumer
pp.26-32. market.

2. Lee, S.H., Jung, S.Y. and High-rate transmission over a broad Modifications in coding and
Kwon, J.K., 2015. visible light spectrum and dimming modulation are necessary to
Modulation and coding for support are identified as the two main support adaptive dimming,
dimmable visible light driving forces that motivate the whereas new coding schemes
communication. IEEE creation of new enhanced are essential for performance
Communications Magazine, 53(2), specifications in VLC. enhancement.
pp.136-143.
LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD..)
S. No. Reference Findings Limitations
3. Do, T.H. and Yoo, M., 2014. TDOA-based indoor The simulation result shows The accuracy estimation is
positioning using visible light. Photonic Network that the system can achieve a less than most existing
Communications, 27(2), pp.80-88. high estimation accuracy indoor positioning
of 3.59 cm in average. system using LED light.

4. Rajagopal, S., Roberts, R.D. and Lim, S.K., 2012. This article presents Channel models for VLC
IEEE 802.15. 7 visible light communication: mechanisms to mitigate flicker are not well understood.
modulation schemes and dimming support. IEEE and support dimming as defined Networking of the Light
Communications Magazine, 50(3), pp.72-82. in the IEEE 802.15.7 visible source and upgrading
light communication standard. current infrastructures to
support communication
LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD..)
S. No. Reference Findings Limitations

5. Elgala, H., Mesleh, R. and Haas, H., 2011. Indoor This article reviews OW The design challenges that still
optical wireless communication: potential and state- communication technology, need to be overcome before
of-the-art. IEEE Communications Magazine, 49(9), overviews research activities, being able to realize an entire
pp.56-62. and states the design OW system that can be
challenges commercially deployed.

6. Zeng, L., O'Brien, D.C., Le Minh, H., Faulkner, In both cases data rates from To what optical system creates
G.E., Lee, K., Jung, D., Oh, Y. and Won, E.T., 2009. several hundred Mbit/s to 1Gbit/s the best optical MIMO system.
High data rate multiple input multiple output can be achieved. The systems
(MIMO) optical wireless communications using analyzed in this paper to some
white LED lighting. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas extent represent the ’limiting
in Communications, 27(9), pp.1654-1662. cases’-that of imaging and non-
imaging
LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD..)
S. No. Reference Findings Limitations

7. Nuwanpriya, A., Ho, S.W. and Chen, C.S., The channel capacity and The proposed receivers
2015. Indoor MIMO visible light BER performance under support mobile users and
communications: Novel angle diversity different numbers of additionally they do not
receivers for mobile users. IEEE Journal on transmitters and receivers occupy much space
selected areas in communications, 33(9), are reported. so that they are suitable for
pp.1780-1792. hand-held devices.
8. Chvojka, P., Zvanovec, S., Haigh, P.A. and Analytical and We showed that in the
Ghassemlooy, Z., 2015. Channel experimental results for a furniture office
characteristics of visible light communications VLC system affected by environment (people
within dynamic indoor environment. Journal movement of people for density > 0.16 people/m2)
of Lightwave Technology, 33(9),pp.1719-1725. different indoor conditions, the CDF of the received
considering random power differs in the worst
movement of people within case by up to 7%. On the
the room and focusing on other hand, the highest
the impacts of shadowing RMS delay spread of 6.5%
and blocking on mobility in comparison to the case
with no people was
observed for the empty hall
LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD..)
S. No. Reference Findings Limitations

9. Bykhovsky, D. and Arnon, S., 2014. Multiple access An algorithm that manages The allocation time varies
resource allocation in visible light communication interference-constrained sub- between 0.15–0.5s, depending on
systems. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 32(8), carrier reuse between different the number of transmitters and
pp.1594-1600. transmitters and power re- receivers. The speed-optimized
distribution between different code is expected to run a few
subcarriers in a heuristic manner. times faster. Additional speed
gain may be achieved by
organizing subcarriers into
groups (chunks)

10. Tsiropoulou, E.E., Gialagkolidis, I., Vamvakas, P. and Problem of Optical Access Point Assumption that all users request
Papavassiliou, S., 2016, July. Resource allocation in (OAP) selection and resource the same type of service.
visible light communication networks: NOMA vs allocation in the uplink of VPANs However, considering various
OFDMA transmission techniques. In International under OFDMA and NOMA. types of requested services,
Conference on Ad-Hoc Networks and Wireless (pp. 32- allocation problem towards
46). Springer, Cham. achieving users’ Quality of
Service (QoS) prerequisites in
VLC wireless networks is of high
interest.
 OBJECTIVE
To improve the channel capacity of VLC system with Distributed MIMO relay by varying the
refractive index of optical concentrator.
System Configuration of a D-MIMO
Relaying VLC System
SYSTEM MODEL

(a) BC Configuration
SYSTEM MODEL (CONTD..)

(b) MAC Configuration

 SYSTEM MODEL (CONTD..)
 In the BC configuration, the signal received at the n-th relay terminal is given
by
= γs +

 Combined received signal vector r can be represented as

r= γHs + w
where,
r=

H=

w=
 SYSTEM MODEL (CONTD..)
For the source–destination link in the BC configuration, the received
signal can be expressed as
= γ Ks+

 In MAC channels, The M × 1 vector signal received at the destination

terminal is then given by
y= + +
if we let ,
t= ,
G=
then ,
y= Gt + γKs+
SYSTEM MODEL (CONTD..)
From these vectors, the emission angle using vector dot product
is presented as
ϕ=
To present the luminescence mechanism of white LED light,
the Lambert radiant model was considered and can be
expressed as

𝑅 0 ( ɸ )= ( 𝑚+1
2𝜋 )
cos ɸ𝑚
SYSTEM MODEL (CONTD..)
 The DC channel gain of the direct path between the i th white LED to
the j th PD can be expressed as:

 g(ϕji) is the gain of the optical concentrator with internal refractive

index η, which is given by
g
 Therefore, a L ×M channel matrix Hn is presented as
Hn =
 SYSTEM MODEL (CONTD..)
The channel capacity of a general Gaussian relay channel is upper bounded by
C }

Considering only the broadcast channels, a combined vector form can be

expressed as follows:
C=

Given t, the conditional mutual information of the corresponding BC channel is

expressed as
I≤

The mutual information of the MAC channel is expressed as I≤ -

SYSTEM MODEL (CONTD..)

Upper bound on the capacity of D-MIMO relaying VLC is

derived

Cmin
where,
SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Parameters Values
Shot Variance 2.1120* 10-16
Thermal Variance 17.5348* 10-16

Room size (18 × 18) m2

Height of ceiling LEDs 3m
Height of mobile terminals 0.7–1.3 m
Number of LED-PD pair in Relay (L) 4

Number of LED-PD pair in Source & Destination (M) 4

PLED 10 mW

PD responsivity γ 0.4 A/W

Order of Lambertian emission m 1

Semi-angle at half-power emission ψ 1/2 60◦

FOV of the receiver ϕc 70◦

Optical filter gain Ts 0.5-0.8
Refractive index η 1.5
Photodetector area A 1 cm2
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Capacity versus the number of LED-PD pairs of a Capacity versus the number of LED-PD pairs of
relay (q=3m, z=3m, η =1.5) a relay (q=3m, z=3m, η =1.8)

We observe that on increasing the value of refractive index from 1.5 to 1.8 there is
increase of 28.3% in the channel capacity of the network.
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION (CONTD..)
Capacity versus the height of relays Capacity versus the height of relays
(M=4, L=4, η =1.5) (M=4, L=4, η =1.8)

We observe that on increasing the value of refractive index from 1.5 to 1.8 there is increase of 22.4%
in the channel capacity of the network.
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION (CONTD..)
Capacity versus the distance between Capacity versus the distance between
relays (M=4, L=4, η =1.5) relays(M=4, L=4, η =1.8)

We observe that on increasing the value of refractive index from 1.5 to 1.8 there is increase of
14.56% in the channel capacity of the network.
 CONCLUSION
This thesis introduced a D-MIMO-relaying VLC scheme and analysed the capacity
performance for indoor environment.

Considering the broadcast and multiple access channels, a tight upper bound of the channel
capacity of D-MIMO relaying VLC was derived.

The effect of refractive index on the channel capacity of the network is proposed. Here we
examine the refractive index of optical concentrator of the relay.

We have come to observe that the channel capacity increases upon increasing the number of
relays as a general trend but after a particular limit there is no point in increasing the number
of relays as when the relay lies at a far end from the source it tends to escape its FOV thereby
it has no effect on the channel matrix.

The capacity performance of D-MIMO-relaying VLC can be improved further by selecting

different type of concentrator. Here we have considered Compound Parabolic Concentrator
(CPC), other concentrator which can be considered is Fluorescent Concentrator (FC).
 REFERENCES
Jovicic, A., Li, J. and Richardson, T., 2013. Visible light communication:
opportunities, challenges and the path to market. IEEE Communications
Magazine, 51(12), pp.26-32
 Lee, S.H., Jung, S.Y. and Kwon, J.K., 2015. Modulation and coding for
dimmable visible light communication. IEEE Communications
Magazine, 53(2), pp.136-143.
 Do, T.H. and Yoo, M., 2014. TDOA-based indoor positioning using
visible light. Photonic Network Communications, 27(2), pp.80-88.
 Rajagopal, S., Roberts, R.D. and Lim, S.K., 2012. IEEE 802.15. 7 visible
light communication: modulation schemes and dimming support. IEEE
Communications Magazine, 50(3), pp.72-82.
 Mesleh, R., Elgala, H. and Haas, H., 2012. LED nonlinearity mitigation
techniques in optical wireless OFDM communication systems. Journal of
Optical Communications and Networking, 4(11), pp.865-875.
 REFERENCES
 Zeng, L., O'Brien, D.C., Le Minh, H., Faulkner, G.E., Lee, K., Jung, D., Oh, Y. and Won,
E.T., 2009. High data rate multiple input multiple output (MIMO) optical wireless
communications using white LED lighting. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in
Communications, 27(9), pp.1654-1662.
 Nuwanpriya, A., Ho, S.W. and Chen, C.S., 2015. Indoor MIMO visible light
communications: Novel angle diversity receivers for mobile users. IEEE Journal on selected
areas in communications, 33(9), pp.1780-1792.
 Chvojka, P., Zvanovec, S., Haigh, P.A. and Ghassemlooy, Z., 2015. Channel characteristics of
visible light communications within dynamic indoor environment. Journal of Lightwave
Technology, 33(9), pp.1719-1725.
 Bykhovsky, D. and Arnon, S., 2014. Multiple access resource allocation in visible light
communication systems. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 32(8), pp.1594-1600.
 Tsiropoulou, E.E., Gialagkolidis, I., Vamvakas, P. and Papavassiliou, S., 2016, July. Resource
allocation in visible light communication networks: NOMA vs OFDMA transmission
techniques. In International Conference on Ad-Hoc Networks and Wireless (pp. 32-46).
Springer, Cham.
Thank You