Cloud Computing

Module 1 : Cloud Computing Fundamentals

Cloud computing at glance

1. Vision of cloud computing, Defining a cloud, closer look
2. Cloud computing reference model
3. characteristics and benefits
4. challenges, Economics of the cloud
Cloud service Models
5. Infrastructure-as-a-service(IAAS)
6. Platform-as-a-service(PAAS)
7. Software-as-a-service(SAAS)
Types of Clouds (Deployment Models)
8. Public cloud, Private cloud
9. Hybrid cloud and Community cloud
What is Cloud Computing?
• Cloud computing is the on-
demand delivery of IT
resources through the internet
with pay-to-use charges.
• Instead of buying and
maintaining computer products
and services, you can pay to
use a cloud computing service.
It saves you the time, effort,
and cost of doing it all by
yourself!
Vision of Cloud Computing
These are following Vision of Cloud Computing :

• Cloud computing provides the facility to provision virtual hardware, runtime environment and services to a
person having money.
• These all things can be used as long as they are needed by the user.
• The whole collection of computing system is transformed into collection of utilities, which can be provisioned
and composed together to deploy systems in hours rather than days, with no maintenance cost.
• The long term vision of a cloud computing is that IT services are traded as utilities in an open market without
technological and legal barriers.
• In the future, we can imagine that it will be possible to find the solution that matches with our requirements by
simply entering out request in a global digital market that trades with cloud computing services.
• The existence of such market will enable the automation of discovery process and its integration into its
existing software systems.
• Due to the existence of a global platform for trading cloud services will also help service providers to
potentially increase their revenue.
• A cloud provider can also become a consumer of a competition service in order to fulfill its promises to
customers.
• In the near future we can imagine a solution that suits our needs by simply applying our application to the
global digital market for cloud computing services.
Cloud Reference Model
• The reference model for cloud computing is an abstract model that
characterizes and standardizes a cloud computing environment by
partitioning it into abstraction layers and cross-layer functions.
• The Cloud Computing Reference Model provides a conceptual
framework for understanding and categorizing the various
components and functions of cloud computing.
• It helps define the relationships and interactions between different
cloud computing elements.
• The most widely recognized and used reference model is the NIST
(National Institute of Standards and Technology) Cloud Computing
Reference Architecture.
The Three Major Cloud Service
Models
Cloud computing services can be
broken down into three models
that stack on top of one another:
• Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• These abstraction layers can also be considered a tiered architecture,
where services from one layer can be combined with services from
another,
• for example, SaaS can supply infrastructure to create services from a
higher layer. Let us have a look at the layers of cloud computing
reference model.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pasd54Pkkrk
1. SaaS
• Software as a Service (SaaS) is a form of application delivery that relieves
users of the burden of software maintenance while making development
and testing easier for service providers.
• The cloud delivery model's top layer is where applications are located.
End customers get access to the services this tier offers via web portals.
• Because online software services provide the same functionality as
locally installed computer programs, consumers (users) are rapidly
switching from them.
• Today, ILMS and other application software can be accessed via the web
as a service.
• In terms of data access, collaboration, editing, storage, and document
sharing, SaaS is unquestionably a crucial service.
• Email service in a web browser is the most well-known and widely
used example of SaaS, but SaaS applications are becoming more
cooperative and advanced.
Features of SaaS are as follows:
• The cloud consumer has full control over all the cloud services.
• The provider has full control over software applications-based
services.
• The cloud provider has partial control over the implementation of
cloud services.
• The consumer has limited control over the implementation of these
cloud services.
2. PaaS
• Platform as a Service is a strategy that offers a high level of
abstraction to make a cloud readily programmable in addition to
infrastructure-oriented clouds that offer basic compute and storage
capabilities (PaaS).
• Developers can construct and deploy apps on a cloud platform
without necessarily needing to know how many processors or how
much memory their applications would use.
• A PaaS offering that provides a scalable environment for creating and
hosting web applications is Google App Engine, for instance.
Features of PaaS layer are as follows:
• The cloud provider has entire rights or control over the provision of
cloud services to consumers.
• The cloud consumer has selective control based on the resources they
need or have opted for on the application server, database, or
middleware.
• Consumers get environments in which they can develop their
applications or databases. These environments are usually very visual
and very easy to use.
• Provides options for scalability and security of the user’s resources.
• Services to create workflows and websites.
• Services to connect users’ cloud platforms to other external platforms.
3. IaaS
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offers storage and computer
resources that developers and IT organizations use to deliver
custom/business solutions.
• IaaS delivers computer hardware (servers, networking technology,
storage, and data center space) as a service. It may also include the
delivery of OS and virtualization technology to manage the resources.
• Here, the more important point is that IaaS customers rent computing
resources instead of buying and installing them in their data centers.
• The service is typically paid for on a usage basis. The service may
include dynamic scaling so that if the customers need more resources
than expected, they can get them immediately.
The control of the IaaS layer is as follows:
• The consumer has full/partial control over the infrastructure of the
cloud, servers, and databases.
• The consumer has control over the Virtual Machines' implementation
and maintenance.
• The consumer has a choice of already installed VM machines with
pre-installed Operating systems.
• The cloud provider has full control over the data centers and the
other hardware involved in them.
• It has the ability to scale resources based on the usage of users.
• It can also copy data worldwide so that data can be accessed from
anywhere in the world as soon as possible.
But Why Choose The Cloud?
• 1. It's on-demand, like Netflix!
• 2. It's cheaper
• 3. It's flexible
Where Can I Access Cloud
Computing?
There are many cloud computing services available to individual users,
but the "big three" are:
• Amazon Web Services (AWS)
• Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
• Microsoft Azure
The service you choose will depend on:
• The scale of your business
• Your business structure
• How much of the work you want to outsource
 Cloud computing
• “Cloud is a parallel and distributed computing system consisting of a
collection of inter-connected and virtualized computers that are
dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified
computing resources based on service-level agreements (SLA)
established through negotiation between the service provider and
consumers.”
• Parallel computing requires one computer with multiple
processors(multi core)
• Distributed computing, involves several autonomous
(and often geographically separate and/or distant)
computer systems working on divided tasks
Cloud Computing
• Virtualization is software that makes computing environments independent of
physical infrastructure
• Cloud computing is a service that delivers shared computing resources (software
and/or data) on demand via the Internet.
• A Service Level Agreement (SLA) is an outsourcing and technology vendor
contract that outlines a level of service that a supplier promises to deliver to the
customer. It outlines metrics such as uptime, delivery time, response time, and
resolution time. An SLA also details the course of action when requirements are
not met, such as additional support or pricing discounts.
• Customer-level SLA - is an agreement that covers all of the services used by a
customer, like specific details of services, provisions of service availability, an
outline of responsibilities, escalation procedures, and terms for cancellation.
• Service-level SLA-is a contract that details an identical service offered to multiple
customers.
 Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing services are divided into three classes, according to
the abstraction level of the capability provided and the service model of
providers, namely:
• Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
• Platform as a Service, and (PaaS)
• Software as a Service(SaaS)
• These abstraction levels can also be viewed as a layered architecture
where services of a higher layer can be composed from services of the
underlying layer
Cloud Computing stack
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• Virtualized resources such as computation, storage, and communication (network
bandwidth) are provisioned on demand
• It enables on-demand provisioning of servers running several choices of operating
systems and a customized software stack.
• Infrastructure services are considered to be the bottom layer of cloud computing systems.
• Ex: Amazon Web Services (AWS) mainly offers IaaS. The EC2(Elastic Compute Cloud)
service means offering Virtual machines with a software stack that can be customized
similar to how an ordinary physical server would be customized.
• Users are given privileges to perform numerous activities to the server, such as:
• starting and stopping it
• customizing it by installing software packages
• attaching virtual disks to it
• configuring access permissions and firewalls rules
• Other examples are Microsoft Azure and Google Compute Engine
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• Compute resource - A Virtual Machine (VM) is a compute resource that uses
software instead of a physical computer to run programs and deploy apps. One or
more virtual “guest” machines run on a physical “host” machine.
• Data Storage -Cloud Storage is a service that allows to save data on offsite storage
system managed by third-party and is made accessible by a web services API. The
Storage Devices are classified as Block Storage Devices and File Storage Devices.
Block Storage Devices offer raw storage to the clients.
• File Storage Devices offer storage to clients in the form of files, maintaining its own
file system( Network Attached Storage (NAS).)
• Unmanaged cloud storage means the storage is preconfigured for the customer.
The customer can neither format, nor install his own file system or change drive
properties.
• Managed cloud storage offers online storage space on-demand. The managed
cloud storage system appears to the user to be a raw disk that the user can
partition and format.
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Firewall
• A Firewall is a network security device that monitors and filters incoming and
outgoing network traffic based on an organization's previously established
security policies and block malicious traffic.
Load Balancer
• A load balancer is a device that distributes network or application traffic across a
number of servers. Load balancers are used to increase capacity (concurrent
users) and reliability of applications, manage traffic spikes and prevent spikes on
a single server, minimize user request response time.
• Elastic Load Balancing supports the following types of load balancers: Application
Load Balancers, and Network Load Balancers.
Network Bandwidth
• Bandwidth is the amount of data transferred to and from your cloud server over a
given period, such as a month. Cloud server bandwidth is measured in uploads
and downloads. Upload is the transfer of data to the cloud server, and download
retrieves data from a cloud server. It is measured in Terabytes.
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• Managing physical and virtual resources, namely servers, storage, and
networks by Cloud providers is done using the main access and
management tool in IaaS is the Virtual Infrastructure Manager (VIM).
• VIM aggregates resources from multiple computers, presenting a
uniform view to user and applications.
• Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is a way to virtualize network
services, such as routers, firewalls, and load balancers. These services are
packaged as virtual machines (VMs) on commodity hardware.
• VIM allows for the orchestration of the allocation, upgrade, release, and
reclamation of Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVI)
resources and the optimization of their use.
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• OpenStack is a free, open standard cloud computing platform.
• It is mostly deployed as Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) in both public and private
clouds where virtual servers and other resources are made available to users.
• The software platform consists of interrelated components that control diverse,
multi-vendor hardware pools of processing, storage, and networking resources
throughout a data center.
• Users manage it either through a web-based dashboard, through command-line
tools.
• Eucalyptus is an open source software platform for implementing Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS) in a private or hybrid cloud computing environment.
• The Eucalyptus cloud platform pools together existing virtualized infrastructure to
create cloud resources for infrastructure as a service, network as a
service and storage as a service. The name Eucalyptus is an acronym for Elastic
Utility Computing Architecture for Linking Your Programs To Useful Systems.
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• Services are offered at a higher level of abstraction to make a cloud easily
programmable
• A cloud platform offers an environment on which developers create and
deploy applications
• Multiple programming models and specialized services like data access,
authentication and payments are offered as building blocks to new
applications.
• (Authentication is the process of verifying who a user is, while
Authorization is the process of verifying what they have access to)
• Examples: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Google App Engine, and Adobe
Commerce
• Google AppEngine offers a scalable environment for developing and
hosting Web applications, which should be written in specific
programming languages such as Python or Java
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Programming Languages
• PaaS providers provide various programming languages for the developers to
develop the applications. Some popular programming languages provided by
PaaS providers are Java, PHP, Ruby, Perl, and Go.
Mashup Editors
• mash-up’ refers to websites that weave data from different sources into new Web services.
Frameworks
• PaaS providers provide application frameworks to easily understand the
application development. Some popular application frameworks provided by PaaS
providers are Node.js, Drupal, Joomla, WordPress, Spring, Play, Rack, and Zend.
Structured data
• PaaS providers provide various databases such as ClearDB, PostgreSQL,
MongoDB, and Redis to communicate with the applications.
Cloud Development Environment
• It is the Access and Management tool. PaaS provides various other tools that are
required to develop, test, and deploy the applications.
Software as a Service (SaaS)

• Applications reside on the top of the cloud stack.

• Services provided by this layer can be accessed by end users through
Web portals.
• Therefore, consumers are increasingly shifting from locally installed
computer programs to on-line software services that offer the same
functionality.
• Traditional desktop applications such as word processing and
spreadsheet can now be accessed as a service in the Web (Google
docs, Google sheets)
 Software as a Service (SaaS)

• This model of delivering applications, known as Software as a Service

(SaaS), alleviates the burden of software maintenance for customers and
simplifies development and testing for providers.
• Customer relationship management (CRM) Salesforce.com,
which relies on the SaaS model, offers business productivity applications
(CRM) that reside completely on their servers, allowing customers to
customize and access applications on demand. It is a technology for
managing all your company’s relationships and
interactions with customers and potential customers.
• Gmail, Slack, and Microsoft Office 365
Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Social Networks
• Examples: FB, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, Youtube, etc.
• Hootsuite is one of the biggest SaaS Tools for Social Media Management that is
used all across the world. This all-in-one platform lets you curate and schedule
content, run social media ads and calculate your social Return On
Investment(ratio of net profit over the total cost of the investment.) easily.
• Video processing
• video SaaS is a video-focused application provided over the
internet as a service. They help in production, hosting,
distribution, streaming, etc. These applications can be accessed
with a web browser, desktop, or mobile app. Netflix provides on
demand videos using software.
Types of Clouds
Cloud Deployment Models:
• Public Cloud: Resources are owned and operated by a cloud service
provider and made available to the general public over the internet.
• Private Cloud: Resources are exclusively used by a single organization,
providing greater control, security, and customization.
• Hybrid Cloud: Combines public and private cloud environments,
allowing data and applications to be shared between them.
• Community Cloud: Shared infrastructure and services are used by a
specific community or group of organizations with shared interests or
requirements.
 Types of Clouds - Public Cloud

Public Cloud
• Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet
using the pay-per-usage method.
• In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the
Cloud Service Provider (CSP).
• Characteristics of public cloud are:
• on-demand computing and self-service provisioning;
• resource pooling;
• scalability and rapid elasticity;
• pay-per-use pricing;
• measured service;
• resiliency and availability;
• security;
• broad network access.
• Example: Google Workspace, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Dropbox, and Microsoft
offerings like Microsoft 365 and Azure, as well as streaming services like Netflix.
 Types of Clouds – Public cloud

Advantages of Public Cloud

• Public cloud is owned at a lower cost than the private and hybrid cloud.
• Since it is maintained by the cloud service provider, it is easy to maintain.
• Since it is easier to integrate, it offers a better flexibility approach to consumers.
• It is location independent because its services are delivered through the internet.
• It is highly scalable as per the requirement of computing resources.
• As it is accessible by the general public, there is no limit to the number of users.
Disadvantages of Public Cloud
• Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.
• Performance depends upon the high-speed internet network link to the cloud
provider.
• The Client has no control of data.
 Types of Clouds- Private Cloud

Private Cloud
• Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.
• It is used by organizations to build and manage their own data centers
internally or by the third party.
• A private cloud is a dedicated environment reserved solely for a
single business entity or organization.
• The cloud infrastructure may be managed by the organization or a third party
cloud service provider.
• In a private cloud, the services and infrastructure are privately managed and
maintained.
• It can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Openstack and Eucalyptus.
• Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) divide private cloud into the following two parts-
• On-premise private cloud
• Outsourced private cloud
 Types of Clouds – Private cloud

• The IT services are provisioned over private IT infrastructure as a fully-

managed service and the services are provided by a third party cloud
vendor.
• These are exclusive cloud offerings dedicated and customized for a
single client where the entire physical server and control of server
resources such as CPU cores, RAM and storage space is dedicated to
the client.
• The third-party cloud vendor manages everything from maintenance of
hardware to software updates, performance monitoring, and security.
• So, a private cloud is where businesses go to third party cloud vendors
who are responsible for maintenance of the servers and their
equipment inside the data centers.
 Types of Clouds – Private cloud

Advantages of Private Cloud

• Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to the users.
• It offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.
• It allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-demand IT resources.
• The organization has full control over the cloud and need not depend on anyone.
Disadvantages of Private Cloud
• Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.
• As the private cloud is accessible within the organization, the area of operations is
limited.
• Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that have a high user base, and
organizations that do not have the prebuilt infrastructure, sufficient manpower to
maintain and manage the cloud.
 Types of Clouds – Hybrid cloud
• Hybrid Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the
private cloud. Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private
Cloud
• Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which
are running on the public cloud can be accessed by
anyone, while the services which are running on a private
cloud can be accessed only by the organization's users.
• Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps,
and Google Drive), Office 365 (MS Office on the Web and
One Drive), Amazon Web Services.
 Types of Clouds – Hybrid cloud

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

• Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that require more security than the
public cloud.
• It helps us to deliver new products and services more quickly.
• It provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.
• It offers flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources
because of the private cloud.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud
• In Hybrid Cloud, security feature is not as good as the private cloud.
• Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because it is difficult to manage more than
one type of deployment model.
• In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the services depends on cloud service
providers.
 Comparison : public cloud, private cloud, hybrid
cloud
Parameter Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud
Host Service Enterprise (Third Enterprise (Third party)
provider party)
Users General public Selected users Selected users
Access Internet Internet, VPN Internet, VPN
Owner Service Enterprise Enterprise
Parameter
providerPublic cloud Private cloud Hybrid cloud
Scalability Very high Limited Very high
Reliability moderate Very high Medium to high
Security Depends on service Highly secure Moderately secure
provider
Performance Low to medium good good
Cost cheap High cost Medium cost
examples Amazon EC2, Google App Vmware,Microsoft,KVM,Zen IBM,HP, Vmware vCloud,
Engine Eucalytus
Characteristics of Cloud
Computing
• On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not require any human
administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor and manage
computing resources as needed.
• Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided over standard
networks and heterogeneous devices.
• Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to
scale out and in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user require services
it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its requirement gets over.
• Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) present are shared across multiple applications and occupant in an
uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are provided service from a same physical
resource.
• Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application and
occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource provider with an account of
what has been used. This is done for various reasons like monitoring billing and
effective use of resource.
• Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple tenants (users or
organizations) on a single set of shared resources.
• Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization technology to
abstract underlying hardware resources and present them as logical resources to
users.
• Resilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically designed with
redundancy and fault tolerance in mind, which ensures high availability and
reliability.
• Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing models,
including pay-per-use, subscription-based, and spot pricing, allowing users to
choose the option that best suits their needs.
• Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect their
users’ data and ensure the privacy of sensitive information.
• Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated, allowing
users to deploy and manage resources with minimal manual intervention.
• Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on sustainable practices,
such as energy-efficient data centers and the use of renewable energy sources, to
 Benefits of Cloud Computing
Flexibility
Users can scale services to fit their needs, customize applications and
access cloud services from anywhere with an internet connection.
Efficiency
Enterprise users can get applications to market quickly, without
worrying about underlying infrastructure costs or maintenance.
Back-up and restore data
Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and
restore that data using the cloud.
Improved collaboration
Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people
to quickly and easily share information in the cloud via shared storage.
 Benefits of Cloud Computing
Excellent accessibility
Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information
anywhere, anytime in the whole world, using an internet
connection. An internet cloud infrastructure increases
organization productivity and efficiency by ensuring that our
data is always accessible.
Low maintenance cost
Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software
maintenance costs for organizations.
Mobility
Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via
mobile.
 Benefits of Cloud Computing
Services in the pay-per-use model
Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces
(APIs) to the users for access services on the cloud and pays
the charges as per the usage of service.
Unlimited storage capacity
Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing
our important data such as documents, images, audio, video,
etc. in one place.
Data security
Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud
computing. Cloud offers many advanced features related to
security and ensures that data is securely stored and
handled.
 Challenges of Cloud Computing
• Internet Connectivity
• In cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored on the cloud, and we
access these data through the cloud by using the internet connection. If we do not have good
internet connectivity, we cannot access these data. However, we have no any other way to
access data from the cloud.
• Vendor lock-in
• Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations may face
problems when transferring their services from one vendor to another. As different vendors
provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to another.
• Limited Control
• Cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored by the service provider, so
the cloud users have less control over the function and execution of services within a cloud
infrastructure.
• Security
• Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store important
information, we should be aware that we will be sending all our organization's sensitive
information to a third party, i.e., a cloud computing service provider. While sending the data on
the cloud, this information may be hacked by Hackers. Data encryption, Virtual Local Area Networks
VLANs, and firewalls can be used to provide security.
 Challenges of Cloud Computing

Trust
• Trust toward providers ensures the desired level of privacy for applications
hosted in the cloud.
• Legal and regulatory issues are to be taken care of. When data are moved
into the Cloud, providers may choose to locate them anywhere The
physical location of data centers determines the set of laws that can be
applied to the management of data.
• For example, specific cryptography techniques could not be used because
they are not allowed in some countries.
• Similarly, country laws can impose that sensitive data, such as patient
health records, are to be stored within national borders.
Challenges of Cloud Computing

• Resource Management and Energy-Efficiency

• Physical resources such as CPU cores, disk space, and network
bandwidth must be sliced and shared among virtual machines
running potentially heterogeneous workloads to efficiently
manage virtualized resource pools.
• It is difficult to map VMs onto available physical hosts while
maximizing user utility.
• Migration of VMs also brings additional challenges such as
detecting when to initiate a migration, which VM to migrate, and
where to migrate.
 Role of Virtualization in enabling the cloud
• Virtualization software allows multiple operating systems and
applications to run on the same server at the same time, and,
as a result, lowers costs and increases efficiency of a
company's existing hardware.
• Virtualization technology makes cloud computing possible.
Cloud providers set up and maintain their own data centers. They
create different virtual environments that use the underlying
hardware resources. You can then program your system to
access these cloud resources by using APIs.
 Cloud Security

• Cloud security, also known as cloud computing security, is a collection of

security measures designed to protect cloud-based infrastructure,
applications, and data.
• These measures ensure user and device authentication, data and
resource access control, and data privacy protection.
• They also support regulatory data compliance.
• Cloud security is employed in cloud environments to protect a
company's data from distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks,
malware, hackers, and unauthorized user access or use.
• A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is a malicious attempt to
disrupt the normal traffic of a targeted server, service or network by
overwhelming the target or its surrounding infrastructure with a flood of
Internet traffic.
• Malware is any type of malicious software designed to harm or exploit
any programmable device, service or network.
 Need for Cloud Security
• Most organizations are using cloud computing in one form or another.
• This high rate of adoption of public cloud services shared by many
users is prone to malicious attacks.
• Hence cloud security is critical.
• IT professionals remain concerned about moving more data and
applications to the cloud due to security, governance, and compliance
issues when their content is stored in the cloud.
• Highly sensitive business information and intellectual property may be
exposed through accidental leaks or due to increasingly sophisticated
cyber threats.
• A crucial component of cloud security is focused on protecting data
and business content, such as customer orders, secret design
documents, and financial records.
• Preventing leaks and data theft is critical for maintaining customers’
trust and protecting the assets.
Economics of choosing Cloud
platform for an Organization
What is cloud economics?
• The economics of cloud computing involves understanding the costs
and benefits along with their economic principles.
• It also speaks on the most important aspect of the businesses, What
is the return on investment (ROI) of opting for a cloud service.
• The economics of cloud computing is based on the pay-you-go
method.
• The customers can pay only for how much they have used the cloud
services.
• This makes cloud computing economically feasible for individuals as
well as organizations to use them.
Economic background of cloud
computing
• Cloud computing is economically feasible. It is beneficial for the users
in mainly two ways when we consider its economic aspect:
• It is charged on a pay as you use model
• Scalable and user friendly
• It mainly allows the users to reduce capital costs, eliminates
maintenance costs and administrative costs.
What are Capital Costs in Startups?
• Capital costs include costs of purchasing infrastructure, assets that are
important for your products and services.
• It takes a long time to reach a break-even point while investing heavily
in infrastructure.
• For startups engaging such a huge sum of the amount initially
becomes difficult to arrange. Therefore they need services at
minimum costs.
• This is how cloud computing reduces capital costs for startups.
Pricing Strategies of Cloud
Computing
Tiered Pricing
• The companies that provide cloud computing services offer services in various tiers.
Each tier offers fixed services and a specific cost. This is called tiered pricing.

Prices per unit

• This is a unit-specified service concept. You have to pay to the cloud only for the cloud
service used. If you use cloud services only for memory allocation and data transfer, you
will only pay for this service.

Subscription-based pricing
• In this model, the customers pay periodically by paying a subscription fee for using
cloud services.
How are the costs of cloud services
decided?
Cost of Current data center
• It is obvious that data centers provide cloud services. The data center determines its
costs based on the infrastructure and costs of a cloud of services, along with their
service fees.
• If you have to set up your own data center, you need to calculate the basic
infrastructure costs, maintenance contracts, software licenses, cloud space, and
taxes.

Migration Costs
• If you are availing of one data service provider, but over time, switch to another, you
will have to pay specific migration fees. This also includes the integration and testing
of your data.
What to avoid while using cloud
computing?
Though cloud computing is the easiest way to store your data to run
your business, there are a few loopholes to avoid while availing of this
service.
• Cloud Computing service should be compatible with your business
and working style.
• An outdated cloud computing service is a bane for you.
• Avoid unnecessary services that are simply becoming a burden on
your pockets.
Comparison between various cloud service providers.
https://recro.io/blog/top-5-cloud-service-providers/
Comparison between service
providers
• https://recro.io/blog/top-5-cloud-service-providers/
Review Questions
1. Define Cloud Computing.
2. Write purpose of virtualization in cloud computing.
3. Define Service Level Agreement.
4. List any three real time examples of services offered as SaaS.
5. What is virtual infrastructure Manager?
6. Define EC2.
7. What is AWS?
8. Prepare a small note on cloud computing, Demonstrate the characteristics of cloud computing.
9. Demonstrate With a neat diagram, cloud computing reference model in detail.
10. Demonstrate the Pro's and Con's in comparison of public cloud vs. private cloud.
11. What is IaaS in cloud Computing? Explain the different services offered by IaaS.
12. Write a brief notes on the compute and storage services offered by AWS.
13. Write a short note on the following
• Benefits and challenges of cloud computing.
• Pro's and Con's in comparison of public cloud vs. private cloud.
14. Explain cloud deployment models in detail with suitable examples.
15. What is the role of virtualization in cloud computing?
16. Demonstrate the cloud computing reference model in detail with a neat diagram.
17. Write a brief notes on compute and storage services offered by AWS.
18. Explain three major cloud services offered by cloud computing.