Web essentials

Web browser
 Web browser is a kind of software which is basically used
to use resources on the web.
 Over the networks, two computers communicate with each
other. In this communication, when request is made by one
computer then that computer is called a client and when
the request gets served by another computer then that
computer is called server. Thus exchange of information
takes place via client-Server communication.
 When user wants some web document then he makes the
request for it using the web browser. The browsers are the
programs that are running on the client’s machines. The
request then gets served by the server and the requested
page is then returned to the client. It is getting displayed to
the client on the web browser. The web browser can browse
the information on the server and hence is the name.
Functions Defined by Web
Browser
 Various functions of web browser are -
 Reformat the URL and send a valid HTTP request.
 When user gives the address of particular website it is in
the form of domain name. The web browser converts the
DNS to corresponding IP address.
 The web browser establishes a TCP connection with the
Web browser while processing
 the user’s request.
 The web browser sends the HTTP request to the web server.
 The web server processes the HTTP request sent by the
web browser and returns the desired web page to the client
machine. The web browser on the client’s machine displays
this webpage in appropriate format.
The main components of web
browser architecture are as follows
 User Interface:

 Using the user interface user interacts with the browser engine. The user

interface contains, Address bar, back/forward button, book mark menu and so
on. The page requested by the user is displayed in this user interface.

 Browser Engine:

 It contains the mechanism by which the input of user interface is communicated

to the Rendering Engine. The browser engine is responsible for querying the
rendering engine according to various user interfaces.

 Rendering Engine:

 It is responsible for displaying the requested contents on the screen. The

rendering engine interprets the HTML, XML and JavaScript that comprises the
given URL and generates the layout that is displayed in the user interface. The
main components of rendering engine are HTML parser. The job of the HTML
parser is to parse the HTML mark-up into a parse tree. It is important to note that
Chrome, unlike most browsers, holds multiple instances of the rendering engine –
 Networking:
 The functionality of networking is to retrieve the URL using common internet

protocols such as HTTP and FTP. The networking is responsible to handle the

internet communication and security issues. The network component may use

the cache for retrieved documents. This feature is useful for increasing the

response time.

 JavaScript Interpreter:

 The interpreter executes the JavaScript code which is embedded in a web page.

 User Interface Backend:

 It is basically used to draw the widgets like combo boxes and windows.

 Data Persistence:

 This is a small database created on local drives of the computer where the

browser is installed.

 The data storage manages user data such as book marks, cookies and

preferences.
Working of web browser
WORKING STEPS
 Step 1:

 First user types the website address for demanding the desired web page for example -

 http://www.vtubooks.com/home.aspx

 and then the home page of this website appears on the screen.

 The web address is divided into three parts:

 (i) The first part is the protocol. The http is a hypertext transfer protocol which tells the

web browser that user wishes to communicate with web server on port 80. Port 80 is

reserved for the communication between web server and web browser.

 The second part is the server address. This tells the web browser which server it needs

to contact in order to retrieve the information you are looking for. The web browser

communicates with a Domain Name Server (DNS) to find out the IP Address for the

website. All communications on the internet use IP Addresses for communications. Use

of the numeric address for accessing the web server is avoided because it is easier to

remember textual information than that of numeric one. Hence normally the web
Step 2:
The web browser, on locating the IP Address
which it requires (by communicating with the
name server), send a request directly to the web
server, using port 80, asking for the file
home.aspx.
Step 3:
The web server sends the html for this page back
to user’s web browser. If there are additional files
needed in order to show the web page (like some
images for example) the web browser makes
additional requests for each of these.
Web server
 Web servers are computers that deliver (serves up)
Web pages. Every Web server has an IP address and
possibly a domain name. For example, if you enter the
URL http://www.webopedia.com/index.html in your
browser, this sends a request to the Web server
whose domain name is webopedia.com. The server
then fetches the page named index.html and sends it
to your browser.
 Any computer can be turned into a Web server by
installing server software and connecting the machine
to the Internet. There are many Web server software
applications, including public domain software and
commercial packages.
 Functions of web server:

The web server accepts the requests from the web browser.
The user request is processed by the web server
The web server responds to the users by providing the
services which they demand for over the web browsers.
The web servers serve the web based applications
The DNS translate the domain names into the IP addresses
The server verifies for the given address, finds the
necessary files, runs appropriate scripts, exchange cookies
if necessary and returns back to the browser
Some servers actively participate in session handling
techniques.

WORKING PROCESS
THANKYOU…..