BASIC CALCULUS

QUARTER I WEEK I
WELCOME BACK!
LIMITS OF A FUNCTION
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learner is
expected to;
• Define limits of function,
• Solve problems involving limits of
function, and
• Value the importance of limits of
function in real-world situation.
 Basic Calculus

Limits of Function
The limit of a function is about understanding what value a function gets closer
and closer to as the input approaches a certain number.
For example:
Imagine you're walking toward a door. The limit is like figuring out the
exact point you're heading to as you approach the door, even if you never actually
touch it.
• If is a function, and you’re interested in what happens when x gets very close to
a specific value (like a), the limit tells you the value is approaching.

It helps us deal with situations where a function might not actually reach a
value, but we can still predict what it’s heading towards.
 Basic Calculus

Definition
The limit of a function is the value it approaches as the value of approaches c
certain value “As x approaches c, the limit of approaches L”. This written in
symbols as follows:

lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐
 Basic Calculus

lim ( 𝑥 − 3 )
𝑥→2
 Basic Calculus

lim ( 𝑥 − 3) lim ¿
− +¿
𝑥→2 ( 𝑥 −3) ¿
𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑥→2

Left-hand limit Right-hand limit

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Left-hand limit Right-hand limit

lim ( 𝑥 − 3 )
𝑥→2
 Basic Calculus
lim ( 𝑥 − 3 )
𝑥→2
lim ( 𝑥 − 3) lim ¿
− +¿
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 ( 𝑥 −3) ¿

Left-hand limit Right-hand limit

One-sided limit
¿

lim ( 𝑥 − 3 )=− 1 Two-sided limit

𝑥→2

Continuous Function
 Basic Calculus

Discontinuous Function

If the , the function is If the limit does not equal to

continuous at or does not exist, the function
is discontinuous at

Continuous Function
 Basic Calculus

{
¿ 𝑥 , 𝑥<1
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= ¿ 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑥→1
0 , 𝑥=1
 Basic Calculus

{
¿ 𝑥 , 𝑥<1
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= ¿ 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑥→1
0 , 𝑥=1
 Basic Calculus

Example 1

Removable/Hole
𝑓 (𝑥 )
discontinuity
Find the limits of the following through the given graph.
1
= 1
1
= 1

= 0

{
¿ 𝑥 , 𝑥 <1
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= ¿ 𝑥 2 ,1< 𝑥 <5
𝑥→1
0 , 𝑥=1
 Basic Calculus

𝑓 (𝑓𝑥
limlim
𝑥 → −𝑥2
→ −2
(𝑥
)=)=
{ 𝑥
𝑥++
𝑥
44
22
𝑥, 𝑥
, 𝑥<
,𝑥
,𝑥−<2 −2
≥ −≥2− 2
 Basic Calculus

Example 2
4
Jump
𝑓 (𝑥 )
discontinuity
Find the limits of the following through the given graph.
1
= -2
-2 1
= 4
-2
= DNE

Does not exist

lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =
𝑥 → −2 {
𝑥 + 4 , 𝑥< − 2
2
𝑥 , 𝑥 ≥− 2
 Basic Calculus

lim 𝑥 − 3
𝑥 →− 2
𝑥+2
 Basic Calculus

Example 3
4
Infinite/Asymptotic
𝑓 (𝑥 )
discontinuity

-2 1
Find the limits of the following through the given graph.

= +∞
-2
= −∞
= lim 𝑥 − 3
DNE 𝑥 →− 2
-4
𝑥+2
Does not exist
 Basic Calculus

Types of Discontinuity
Oscillatory
Jump
Discontinuity
Discontinuity
𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑥 )

𝑓 (𝑥 )
Removable Infinite
discontinuity Discontinuity
 Basic Calculus

Practice:
Find the limits of the following through the given graph.
= 1

= -1 3

2
= DNE
1

= -
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
= 3
-2

= DNE -3

= -2 -4

= -2

= -2
 Basic Calculus

GENERALIZATION
The limit of a function explains
the behavior of the graph as 𝑥
approaches 𝑐, showing how the
function gets closer and closer to
its limit.
 Basic Calculus

Speed of a Car

Imagine a car approaching a stop sign. As the car gets

closer and closer to the stop sign, its speed decreases.
The limit here is the car's speed as it approaches zero,
even if it doesn’t actually reach zero until it stops.
 Basic Calculus

Filling a Glass of Water

If you're filling a glass with water,
the water level rises as you pour. As
the glass gets closer and closer to
being full, the water level approaches
the top, but it never actually
overflows if you're careful. The limit
is the water level approaching the top
of the glass without spilling.
 Basic Calculus

Temperature
Imagine you’re heating a pot of
water. As the temperature of the
water increases, it gets closer and
closer to boiling point (100°C). The
limit is the temperature as it
approaches 100°C, even though it
may take time to reach it exactly.
THE END
 Basic Calculus

References: