Web Application

• What is Web Application?

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A web-application is an application program that is usually stored on a remote server, and users
can access it using Software known as web-browser.
Or you can say It is a type of computer program that usually runs with the help of a web browser
and uses many web technologies to perform various tasks on the internet.
If we talk about the web application in general, a web application usually uses a combination of
the server-side scripts such as PHP, ASP, for handling the information/ data storage and retrieval of the
data.
Some of them also use the client-side scripts such as JavaScript, HTML to represent the
data/information in front of the users, and some of the web applications are also using both server-
side and client-side at the same time.
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It allows the users to communicate with the organization or companies by using the online
form, online forums, shopping carts, content management system, and much more.
Apart from that web applications also allow its users to create documents, share them, or share
the data/ information. By using the web application, users can collaborate on same projects by event
when they are not available on the same geographical location.
After knowing that what a web application is, there may be a question hitting in mind that how
it will work.
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• How Does a Web Application Work?

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Here is how a web application works: The user creates a request to the web server over the
internet through the application's user interface . The web server sends this request to the web
application server. The web application server executes the requested task, then generates the results of
the required data.

The web application is a computer program that usually resides on the remote server. Any user
can access it by using one of the standard web browsers

The application server performs the task that requested by the clients, which also may need a
database to store the information sometimes. Application server technologies range from ASP.NET,
ASP, and ColdFusion to PHP and JSP.
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 The Flow of the Web Application

In general, a user sends a request to the web-server using web browsers such as Google Chrome,
Microsoft Edge, Firefox, etc over the internet.
Then, the request is forwarded to the appropriate web application server by the web-server.
Web application server performs the requested operations/ tasks like processing the database, querying
the databases; produces the result of the requested data.
The obtained result is sent to the web-server by the web application server along with the
requested data/information or processed data.
The web server responds to the user with the requested or processed data/information and provides
the result to the user's screen .
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• Benefits of a web application

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Any typical web application can run or accessible on any operating system such as the Windows,
Mac, Linux if the browser is compatible.
A web application is usually not required to install in the hard drive of the computer system;
thus, it eliminates all the issues related to the space limitation.
All the users can access the same version of the web application, which eliminates all
compatibility issues.
It also reduces software piracy in subscription-based web applications, for example, SAAS (or Software
as a service).
They also reduce the expense for end-users, business owners because the maintenance needed by
the business is significantly less.
Web applications are flexible. A user can work from any geographical location as long as he has
a working internet connection.
It just takes a moment to create a new user by providing a username, password, and URL, and it's all.
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After the availability of the cloud, storage space is now virtually unlimited as long as you can
afford it.
A web application can be programmed to run on a wide variety of operating systems, unlike
native applications that can run on a particular platform.
Any standard web application is developed with some basic programming languages like
HTML, CSS that are compatible and well known among the IT professionals.
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 Disadvantages of the Web Applications

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• Internet connection is necessary to access any web application.

• Several people in business believe that their data on the cloud environment is no that secure and likes to
stick with old methods; they even don't want to use new methods.
• As we all know that many users like to use different web browsers according to their needs and choices.
So while creating a web application, you must remember that your application must support several web
browsers, including new and old versions of browsers.
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Programming Languages:

Essential for crafting the logic that runs on the server side.

Examples: Python, JavaScript (Node.js) for asynchronous event-driven programming, Ruby, PHP for
dynamic web content, Java, and .NET for enterprise environments, among others.

Frameworks:

Pre-written, reusable code libraries that streamline development.

Examples: Express.js (for Node.js), Django (for Python), Ruby on Rails (for Ruby), Laravel (for PHP),
and Spring (for Java).
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Databases: Crucial for storing, retrieving, and managing application data.

Relational Databases: MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server use structured query language for managing
data.

NoSQL Databases: MongoDB (document-oriented), Cassandra (wide-column), and Redis (key-value

store) are designed for scalability and flexibility in handling large volumes of unstructured data.

Server:Servers can be deployed on both physical hardware and cloud-based platforms to host applications.

Examples: AWS, Google Cloud Platform, and Microsoft Azure offer scalable cloud services. Apache and
Nginx are popular open-source web servers, while Microsoft IIS is used for hosting ASP.NET applications.
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APIs (Application Programming Interfaces):

Facilitate the interaction between different software components and external services, allowing them to
communicate and share data.

Usage: Enables third-party services integration, front-end and back-end communication, and access to
application functionalities externally.

Authentication and Authorization:

Essential for securing applications by verifying user identities and granting access to resources.

Technologies: JSON Web Tokens (JWT) for secure transmission of information, OAuth for third-party
authorization, and OpenID Connect for authentication across services and platforms.
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Messaging Systems:

Support asynchronous communication and coordination across different parts of an application or between
different applications.

Examples: RabbitMQ and Kafka are ideal for complex routing and processing of messages, while Amazon
SQS offers a managed queue service for handling message-oriented middleware.
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ASP.Net
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JSP(Java Server Pages) :The Lifecycle of a JSP Page

The JSP pages follow these phases:

• Translation of JSP Page

• Compilation of JSP Page
• Class loading (the class loader loads class file)
• Instantiation (Object of the Generated Servlet is created).
• Initialization ( the container invokes jspInit() method).
• Request processing ( the container invokes _jspService() method).
• Destroy ( the container invokes jspDestroy() method).
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PHP
• PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor.
• PHP is an interpreted language, i.e., there is no need for compilation.
• PHP is faster than other scripting languages, for example, ASP and JSP.
• PHP is a server-side scripting language, which is used to manage the dynamic
content of the website.
• PHP can be embedded into HTML.
• PHP is an object-oriented language.
• PHP is an open-source scripting language.
• PHP is simple and easy to learn language.
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 Node.js
• Node.js
Node.js is an open-source and cross-platform JavaScript runtime environment. It is a popular tool
for almost any kind of project!
Node.js runs the V8 JavaScript engine, the core of Google Chrome, outside of the browser. This allows
Node.js to be very performant.
A Node.js app runs in a single process, without creating a new thread for every request. Node.js provides a
set of asynchronous I/O primitives in its standard library that prevent JavaScript code from blocking and
generally, libraries in Node.js are written using non-blocking paradigms, making blocking behavior the
exception rather than the norm.
When Node.js performs an I/O operation, like reading from the network, accessing a database or the
filesystem, instead of blocking the thread and wasting CPU cycles waiting, Node.js will resume the
operations when the response comes back.
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This allows Node.js to handle thousands of concurrent connections with a single server without
introducing the burden of managing thread concurrency, which could be a significant source of bugs.
Node.js has a unique advantage because millions of frontend developers that write JavaScript for
the browser are now able to write the server-side code in addition to the client-side code without the need
to learn a completely different language.
In Node.js the new ECMAScript standards can be used without problems, as you don't have to
wait for all your users to update their browsers - you are in charge of deciding which ECMAScript version
to use by changing the Node.js version, and you can also enable specific experimental features by running
Node.js with flags.
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