Historical Background

In 1969, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the chief scientists of the original Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), which seeded the Internet, said:
As of now, computer networks are still in their infancy, but as they grow up and
become sophisticated, we will probably see the spread of ‘computer utilities’ which,
like present electric and telephone utilities, will service individual homes and offices
across the country.
 Historical Development

• The idea of renting

computing services by
leveraging large
distributed computing
facilities has been around
for a long time.

• It dates back to the days of

the mainframes in the
early 1950s. From then on,
technology has evolved
and been refined.

• This process has created a

series of favorable
conditions for realizing
cloud computing.
 Historical Development
• In tracking the historical evolution, we briefly review five core technologies that played an important role in
the realization of cloud computing. These technologies are
1. Distributed Systems
2. Virtualization
3. Web 2.0
4. Service Orientation
5. Utility Computing
 Distributed Systems
• A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent
system
• Clouds are essentially large distributed computing facilities that make available their services to third
parties on demand.
• The primary purpose of distributed systems is to share resources and utilize them better.
• This is true in the case of cloud computing, where this concept is taken to the extreme and resources
(infrastructure, runtime environments, and services) are rented to users.
• Distributed systems often exhibit other properties such as heterogeneity, openness, scalability,
transparency, concurrency, continuous availability, and independent failures.
 Virtualization
• Virtualization is another core technology for cloud computing.
• It encompasses a collection of solutions allowing the abstraction of some of the fundamental elements for
computing, such as hardware, runtime environments, storage, and networking.
• Virtualization is essentially a technology that allows the creation of different computing environments.
These environments are called virtual because they simulate the interface that is expected by a guest. The
most common example of virtualization is hardware virtualization. Ex: Amazon EC2, RightScale, VMware
vCloud, and others.
• Virtualization technologies are also used to replicate runtime environments for programs.
• Applications in the case of process virtual machines (which include the foundation of technologies such as
Java or . NET), instead of being executed by the operating system, are run by a specific program called a
virtual machine. Ex: Google AppEngine and Windows Azur
Virtualizations
Virtualization is there to present a logical view of the original things.
Example : hard disk partitions.
Is there really multiple number of separate hard drives?
 No. (Single Devices).
It is a technique by which creation of logical view of actual things can
be undertaken.
In cloud environment
There are multiple servers connected through a network that makes an
environment through a virtualization technique that creates an
interface on which users can access the data and deploy their
applications but they don’t need to know the underlying process like
our hard drive example
Needs of Virtualization in Cloud
Computing Environment
It helps to crate more dynamic and flexible datacenter.
It helps the small organization to reduce the capital expensive by server
consolidation and improve operation cost through automation.
It helps to increase energy efficiency which leads to reducing cost
complexity.
It requires less hardware component with sever consolidations.
It supports different SLAs from different organizations to deliver better
performance.
It reduces capital and operational expenses which leads an organization
to get better profit.
Virtualization Vs Traditional Approach
Traditional Computing Cloud Computing

Manually Provisioned Self Provisioned

Dedicated Hardware Shared Hardware
Fixed Capacity Elastic Capacity
Pay for entire capacity Pay per use
Capital & Operational Expenses Only Operational Expenses
Managed through system administration Managed through Application
Programming Interface
Virtual Machine
A virtual machine is basically defined by “ an efficient, isolated
duplicated of a real machine” [by popek and Goldberg].
Virtual machine have no direct interaction with any real hardware.
The VMs typically emulates a physical computing environment, but
requests for CPU, hardware, memory, network and other bare metal
hardware resources.
Operating systems running on servers or data centers can be referred
to as host operating systems. The operating systems in each virtual
machine partition are called Guest Operating systems.
The operating systems that run on the virtualization platform can be
referred to as Virtual machine monitor (VMM)
The operating systems communicate with the hardware via VMM
which can also called a Virtual machine controller.
Guest operating systems and programs are not aware that they are
running on a virtual platform.
VMs can easily be moved, copied, migrated, and reassigned between
the host servers to optimize the hardware resource utilization.
Administrator may get the advantage of the virtual environment to
simply backups, new deployments, and disaster recovery.
Advantages of Virtualization technique in
cloud computing environment.
Consolidation
Multi-tenancy
Stability and security
Development flexibility
Migration and cloning
Consolidation
Various operating system can able to run on the same particular server
reducing the requirement of a dedicated single machine to a particular
application.
New and existing applications can able to run simultaneously with
their respective preloaded operating systems.
It turned to save space and also energy consumption in the datacenter.
The new applications and the new version of existing applications can
also be deployed without buying new hardware.
Multi-tenancy
Multi tenancy is an extremely obligatory concern in cloud, which
allows sharing of resources and costs across multiple users.
It is where a single instance of the software runs on a server serving
multiple client.
It should well maintained for isolated tenants. Otherwise problems
will arises such as data protection.
Stability and Security
Security is one of the major concerns for adoption of cloud computing.
Security in any system dealing with sensitive and private data.
In order to obtain the trust of potential clients, providers must supply
the certificate of security.
Multiple VM are running essential user- applications are kept safely
isolated from each other.
Process of isolation makes the systems more secure. Such as each VM
is isolated form the remaining of the VM
Security violations of one VM does not affect the others.
Development Flexibility
Virtualized machine can host several versions of an operating system,
allowing developer to test their programs in different OS environments
on the same machine.
Migration
Virtual machine migration is a cloud infrastructure capability being
gradually more utilized.
Virtual machine live migration is basically transferring its instances
that include the operating system, run- time memory pages, and active
CPU states from sources host to destinations host
Category of Virtual Machine
Virtual machine mainly classified into two type based on their relation
with real machine.
System Virtual machine
Process Virtual machine
System Virtual Machine
It enables one computer to behave like two or more computers by
sharing the host hardware's resources.
Onto the hardware or host machine, virtualizing software is there to
virtualize the resources, which can be referred as VMM. Above the
VMM guest OS is running and that OS is quiet capable of handling the
user-application. From user point of view, they are using the hardware
infrastructure through VM and while the user request come to the CSP,
according to the need of the users, a particular VM is created and the
resources are provisioned. When the task is completed, VM is also
destroyed
Process Virtual Machine
A process virtual machine sometimes referred as an application
virtual machine, which runs as a normal application process inside
operating system and also supports a single process.
Process VM is created when that particular process is started and also
destroyed when it exit.
Above the bare metal hardware of host machine, a host OS is installed
and after that a virtualizing software is there to virtualize the hardware
resources in run time environment.
Likewise the system VM according to the need of the user, is created
and the resources are provisioned. When the task is completed, Virtual
machine is also destroyed or shutdown
Virtualization Model for Cloud
Computing
Drawbacks of Virtualizations
Single point failure
Much initial cost
Performance degradation
Issues with application virtualizations