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NUR 339: PAEDIATRIC

NURSING
FACILITATOR: JOYCE AGYEIWAA

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Outline

• Objectives
• Introduction
• The concept of growth and development
• Principle/characteristics of growth and development
• Conclusions
• References
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Objectives
• By the end of the lecture student will be able to;
• Explain the concept of growth and
development
• Distinguish between the two concepts
• Discuss some importance of the knowledge on
growth and development o nurses.
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GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
• Human growth and development are orderly
predictable processes that begin from conception
and continue throughout life.
• Two different phenomena which are inseparable.

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Growth
• It refers to the physical increase in size and structure
in both external and internal organs.
• It is the measurable aspects of the individual like
weight and height (quantitative change).
• It may also be defined as an increase in size of either
the whole organism as evidence by an increase in
height and weight or any of it parts, such as the bones
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or organs.
Growth cont’d
• Two main processes account for growth in an
individual –
• hyperplasia
• hyperthrophy

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Development
• Refers to the observable aspects of the progressive
changes in the individual such as, acquisition of
functions and skills
• It is more qualitative change.
• There is an increase in the child’s ability to function
• Maturity marks the end of growth and development,
characterized by completion of structural changes,
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and attainment of capacity to function physically and
mentally.
Growth Development
It is used in purely physical sense. It indicates changes in the quality or
Changes in the quantitative aspects character rather than in quantitative
come under the domain of growth. For aspects.
example, an increase in size, length, height,
and weight.

The changes produced by growth It brings qualitative changes which


are the subject of measurement. are difficult to be measured. They
They may be quantified and are are assessed through keen
observable. observation.
Growth may or may not bring Development is also possible
development. A child may grow in without growth as we have seen in
terms of weight but this growth the cases of some children that they
may or may not bring any do not gain in terms of height,
functional improvement weight, or size, but they do
(qualitative changes or experience functional improvement
development) or development.
Growth is one of the parts of Development is a wider and
development process. comprehensive term. It refers to
overall changes in individual. Growth
is one of its parts.
Growth does not continue Development is a continuous
throughout life. It stops when process. It goes from the womb to 9
maturity has been attained. tomb. It does not end with the
attainment of maturity.
Principles/x’tics of G&D
Every child has a unique pattern of growth and
development but all children follow certain predictable
characteristics:
1. It is similar for all (Orderly and sequential)

2. Growth and development proceed from general to


specific

3. Growth and development are continuous


4. Growth and development proceed at different rates
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X’tics cont’d
5. Unique for each child/Asynchronous
6. Aspects of development are inter-related eg.
• Mental related to physical development

• Social and mental development are closely related

7. It is cumulative

8. G&D is directional:
• Cephalo-caudal pattern-from head to foot or toe
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• Proximo-distal pattern- central body parts to
outwards
Illustration of the principles with the Stages of pre-
natal development

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IMPORTANCE OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
• It makes it possible to anticipate the range within which the
child will fall at maturity so that corrections and
adjustments can be made. (stimulate the growth and
development of a child deliberately)

• It enables the child’s education to be planned and to train


for the type of work he/she is best fit to do.

• It helps to determine when a child‘s growth and


development are deviating from normal so that corrective
measures could be taken.
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• Individualized the care of children


FACTORS AFFECTING G & D

Growth and development is an interaction of many


factors such as:
1. Genetics and hereditary; genetic factors play a
leading role in growth and development.
 Physical characteristics like weight and
height are mostly determined by the genetic
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endowment.
Factors affecting G & D cont’d
2. Environment (internal); prenatal environmental
conditions.
External environment:
3. Socio-economic factors: Growth differences are
influenced by home conditions e.g the size of the
family affects the growth of each child and Wealth
index
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Factors affecting G & D cont’d
4. Cultural factors: Beliefs, norms, and language all
affects individual growth development. The culture of
the society the child comes from will shape that
child’s development.

5. Nutritional factors: Adequate supply of nutrients


according to the development rate of the child known
to be essential for G&D.

6. Physical factors: Injuries, Disability, Diseases and


illnesses can also influence growth development 16

negatively.
TYPES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
• Physical growth and development
• Emotional development
• Intellectual (cognitive) development
• Social development
• Spiritual development
• Moral development
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STAGES/PERIODS OF GROWTH
AND DEVELOPMENT
• Prenatal stage - (from conception to delivery)
• Germinal (zygote) stage – from fertilization to
2weeks
• Embryonic Stage - (2 to 8 weeks intrauterine
life)
• Fetal stage – (9 weeks to birth)
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https://www.verywellmind.com/stages-of-prenatal-development-2795073#:~:text=The
%20process%20of%20prenatal%20development,known%20as%20the%20fetal
%20period.
STAGES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT CONT’D
• Perinatal – (from 7 months of pregnancy to 28
days after delivery)
• Newborn / Neonatal: ( Birth To 4 Weeks) : A
period of rapid growth
• Infancy: (4 Weeks - 1 Year) : A period of rapid
growth, the head grows faster than other tissues.
• Toddlerhood: (1 Year - 3 Years): A period of slow 19

growth in which the trunk grows fastest.


STAGES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT CONT’D
• Early Childhood / Preschool :( 3 -6 Years): A period
of slow growth in which the trunk grows fastest.
• Late Childhood / School Age: (6-12 Years, Puberty): A
period of slow growth in which the limb grows fastest.
• Adolescence: (12 years – 18 years, (Puberty-The
beginning of adult life): A period of rapid growth for the
trunk, including gonads and associated tissues.
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Summary
• We have discuss the the concept of
G&d
• Some principls and patterns of G&D
• Stages of human growth and dev’t
• Importance of the this knowledge to
us as nurses
• Both nature and nurture impact on 21
human G& D
• Thank you for your attention

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1
jDbVweUo0
•

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References
• Hockenberry, M.J. & Wilson, D. (2012). Wong's
Essentials of Paediatric Nursing (9th Ed.). Mosby
• Kumar, S. (2019). Child Development and pedagogy (5th
ed., pp. 7-8). Noida: Pearson India Education Pvt, Ltd.
• Lissauer, T. & Clayden, G. (2012). Illustrated textbook of
paediatrics (4th Ed.). Mosby.

• Mangal, S. (2007). Advanced Educational


Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 99-101). New Delhi: Prentice-
Hall of India private limited.
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