OPERATING SYSTEMS

(INTRODUCTION)
O. E-OGODO (MRS)
CSC303
Lecture Content
 Introduction
 Operating System (Definition)
 Examples of Operating System
 Architecture of an Operating System
 Functions of Operating System
 Types of Operating Systems
Introduction
 An operating system is the most
important software that runs on a
computer.
 It manages the computer's
memory and processes, as well as
all of its software and hardware.
 It also allows you to communicate
with the computer without knowing
how to speak the computer's
language.
 Without an operating system, a
computer is useless.
 Operating systems is found almost
in every device like mobile phones,
personal computers, mainframe
computers, automobiles, TV, Toys
etc.
Operating System
(Continued)
 An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a
computer user and computer hardware.
 An operating system is a software which performs all the
basic tasks like file management, memory management,
process management, handling input and output, and
controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and
printers.
 An operating system is software that enables applications to
interact with a computer's hardware. The software that
contains the core components of the operating system is
called the kernel.
 The primary purposes of an Operating System are to
enable applications (software) to interact with a computer's
hardware and to manage a system's hardware and software
resources.
Other Definitions
 An Operating System is the low-level software
that supports a computer's basic functions, such
as scheduling tasks and controlling peripherals.
 An operating system is a program that acts as
an interface between the user and the computer
hardware and controls the execution of all kinds
of programs.
 An operating system (OS) is system software
that manages computer hardware, software
resources, and provides common services for
computer programs.
Examples of Operating
Systems
 Microsoft Windows
 Apple iOS
 Apple MacOS
 Chrome OS
 Linux (Ubuntu)
 Unix
 Blackberry
 Symbian
 Google Android
 MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)
Architecture an Operating
System.
Functions of an Operating
System
 Memory Management
 Processor Management
 Device Management
 File Management
 Network Management
 Security
 Control over system performance
 Job accounting
 Error detecting aids
 Coordination between other software and users
Memory Management
 Memory management refers to management of Primary
Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is a large array of
words or bytes where each word or byte has its own address.
 Main memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed
directly by the CPU. For a program to be executed, it must in
the main memory. An Operating System does the following
activities for memory management −
 Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in
use by whom, what part are not in use.
 In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get
memory when and how much.
 Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
 De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it
or has been terminated.
Device Management
 An Operating System manages device
communication via their respective drivers. It
does the following activities for device
management −
 Keeps tracks of all devices. Program
responsible for this task is known as the I/O
controller.
 Decides which process gets the device when
and for how much time.
 Allocates the device in the efficient way.
 De-allocates devices.
Processor Management
 In multiprogramming environment, the OS
decides which process gets the processor when
and for how much time. This function is
called process scheduling. An Operating
System does the following activities for
processor management −
 Keeps tracks of processor and status of process.
The program responsible for this task is known
as traffic controller.
 Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
 De-allocates processor when a process is no
longer required.
File Management
 A file system is normally organized into
directories for easy navigation and usage. These
directories may contain files and other directions.
 An Operating System does the following activities
for file management −
 Keeps track of information, location, uses, status
etc. The collective facilities are often known
as file system.
 Decides who gets the resources.
 Allocates the resources.
 De-allocates the resources.
Other Functions of OS
 Security − By means of password and similar other
techniques, it prevents unauthorized access to programs
and data.
 Control over system performance − Recording delays
between request for a service and response from the
system.
 Job accounting − Keeping track of time and resources
used by various jobs and users.
 Error detecting aids − Production of dumps, traces, error
messages, and other debugging and error detecting aids.
 Coordination between other softwares and users −
Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters,
assemblers and other software to the various users of the
computer systems.
Types of Operating
Systems
1. Batch Operating System
 There is no direct communication between the computer

and the OS
 There is an intermediate, the Operator, which needs to

distribute the work into batches and sort similar jobs

 Multiple users can use it
 Can easily manage a large amount of work

2. Real-Time Operating System

 It has a data processing system
 The processing time is very small between the user’s

command and the output

 Used in fields where the response needs to be quick and

rapid
Types of Operating
Systems
 3. Time-Sharing Operating System
 Multiple people at various terminals can use a program
at the same time
 The main motive is to minimize the response time
 4. Distributed Operating System
 When two or more systems are connected to each other
and one can open files which are not present in their
system but in other devices connected in the network
 Its usage has now increased over the years
 They use multiple central processors to serve real-time
applications
 Failure of one system does not affect the other systems
connected in the network
Types of Operating
Systems
 5. Embedded Operating System
 These special Operating systems are built into larger systems
 They generally are limited to single specific functions like an ATM
 6. Network Operating System
 They have one main server which is connected to other client
servers
 All the management of files, processing of data, access to sharing
files, etc. are performed over this small network
 It is also a secure operating system for working with multiple users
 7. Mobile Operating System
 With the advancement in the field of technology, smartphones now
are released with an Operating system.
 They are designed in a manner that they can help a small device
work efficiently
Conclusion