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CT Generation and History

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Bimal Sikkimese
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66 views22 pages

CT Generation and History

Uploaded by

Bimal Sikkimese
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY

PRINCIPLES AND
GENERATIONS
Computed tomography( CT) is a
special form of tomography in
which a computer is used to make
a mathematical reconstruction of a
tomographic plane or slice.

Tomography :-
Tomos =slice; graphein =to write

Definition = imaging of an object


by analyzing its slices.
INTRODUCTION
 1917 Radon explained theoretical part.

 1937 Watson developed topographic


technique.

 1963Cormack also developed solutions to


the mathematical problems in CT.

 In
April of 1972 a senior research scientist
G.N. Hounsfield, introduced new imaging
technique.
 Computed tomography (CAT Scan
- Computerized Axial
Tomography).

 1979G.N Hounsfield awarded the


Nobel prize with Cormack in
medicine and physics.

 The first machine was designed


to study the head scan of CT.
Later it has been modified to
scan any part of the body.
BASIC PRINCIPLES

‘The internal structure of an


object can be reconstructed
from multiple projections of
the object’.
BASIC PRINCIPLES

 Theobject is made up of multiple square


blocks.

 Fiveof which have been removed to form


a central cross

 Projections-obtainedby passing an x-ray


beam through blocks & measuring the
transmitted radiation.

 Themeasured x-ray transmission values


are called Projections.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
 Horizontal
& vertical ray sums are added to
produce numerical reconstruction.

 Thenumber includes in the construction are


4,6,7,8,9,&10 .

 Then a gray scale value - produce an image.

 Image – manipulated to highlight certain


areas i e contrast can be adjusted.

 The scale is centered at the 9-10 level.

 Blockswith the number 10 are white and all


other are blocks are black.
A perfect reproduction is achieved by
centering the black-white scale at the 6-7
level.

 Projectionsare formed by scanning a thin


section of the body – narrow X-ray beam.

 Measuring the transmitted radiation by


sensitive detectors.

 Numericaldata from multiple ray sums are


then computer- processed to reconstruct
an image.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF
Generations of CT
First Generation CT
 pencil beam and single detectors.

 Data acquisition based on translate


–rotate motions

X ray beam is highly collimated


pencil
like beam

 TheX-ray tube and detector were


rotated up to 180° in steps of 1°
and 180 projections were obtained.
Second Generation
 Fan beam geometry, translate –
rotate motion.

 Here multiple detectors

 Detectors are arranged in linear


detector array (30 detector )

 Afterone translation ,tube and


detector rotates by 30degree and
this repeated for 180 degree.

 largerrotational increments and


faster scans.

 10 – 90 sec.
Third Generation:(rotate-rotate)
 3rdgeneration scanner based on
fan beam geometry.

 X ray tube and detector rotates

around the patient for 360


degree.

 288-700 detectors.

 Scan time as short as 1 sec or


less.

 Limits the artifacts caused by


respiratory motion.

 Both xenon and scintillation


detectors are used, xenon
detectors reject the scatter
Fourth Generations: (Rotate – fixed)

 Rotatingtube and fixed ring of


detectors(rotate-fixed system).

 Rotating fan beam within a


circular detector array

 Thex ray tube is positioned


within a stationary circular
detector array.

 Scan times are very short and


vary from scanner to scanner

 X-ray tube traces a circular


path.
Fifth Generation
 Electron beam geometry(EBCT).

 Ithas been developed primarily for high speed


CT scanning.

 Thissystem uses a large electron gun as its x-ray


beam source.

A massive anode target is placed in a


semicircular ring around the patient.

 Neitherthe x-ray beam source nor the detectors


move and the scans can be acquired in a short
time.
 Images are obtained in 50-100ms.
 X-ray produced by a beam of electrons that scans over
several stationary tungsten target rings. The fan beam x
ray passes through the patient to collect the x-ray
transmission reading necessary for the image
construction

 10 times faster than conventional CT.

 Electron gun generate 130Kev electron beam.

Detector
Solid state detector consists of luminescent crystal and
cadmium target, coupled optically with silicon
photodiodes connected to a preamplifier.

 EBCT CT number range -1000 to +3000.

 These scanners are useful in cardiac imaging, pediatric


and trauma patients.
Sixth Generation
 Dual source CT scan (DSCT).

 Dual x- ray tubes

 Both tubes coupled to two separate detectors

 Tubes offset by 90º angle

 Gantry rotation time is 0.33 millisecond.

 DSCT scanners provides temporal resolution


needed to image moving structures such as the
heart.
Dual source CT scan
Seventh generation
Still in the prototype
development and are not available
for clinical imaging .

 Flat – panel digital detectors (as


in digital radiography)

 cesium iodide (CsI),


amorphous silicon (Si) ,thin film
transistor(TFT) Coupled x- ray tube
and detectors.
 Excellent spatial resolution

Lack of good contrast resolution,


used in angiography to image
THANK YOU…

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