CAPACITANCE AND INDUCTANCE

Introduces two passive, energy storing devices: Capacitors and Inductors

LEARNING GOALS

CAPACITORS
Store energy in their electric field (electrostatic energy)
Model as circuit element

INDUCTORS
Store energy in their magnetic field
Model as circuit element

CAPACITOR AND INDUCTOR COMBINATIONS

Series/parallel combinations of elements
 First of the energy storage devices to be discussed
CAPACITORS
Typical
Capacitors

Basic parallel-plates capacitor

CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION
NOTICE USE OF PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
 A
C
d

 Dielectricconstantof materialin gap

PLATE SIZE FOR EQUIVALENT AIR-GAP CAPACITOR WITH

THICKNESS
OF SHEET OF OIL-IMPREGNATED PAPER
8.85 10  12 A
100 F  4
 A 1.148 109 m 2
1.016 10

Normal values of capacitance are small.

Microfarads is common.
For integrated circuits, nano or pico farads
are not unusual.
 Basic capacitance law

Q  f (VC )
Linear capacitors obey Coulomb’s law

Q CVC
C is called the CAPACITANCE of the device and
has units of
charge
voltage Linear capacitor circuit representation

One Farad(F) is the capacitance of a device that can

store one Coulomb of charge at one Volt.
Coulomb
Farad
Volt
EXAMPLEDetermine the voltage across a 2uF capacitor
holding 10mC of charge.

1 1 3
VC  Q  6
10 *10 5000 V
C 2 *10
Capacitance in Farads, charge in Coulombs,
result in voltage in Volts. Capacitors can be dangerous!!!
Capacitors only store and release
ELECTROSTATIC energy. They do not “create.” LEARNING BY DOING

The capacitor is a passive element

and follows the passive sign convention.

Linear capacitor circuit representation

dv
i (t ) C (t )
dt
 Capacitance Law
QC CVC
If the voltage varies, the charge varies and there
is a displacement current.

One can also express the

voltage across in terms of the … Or one can express the current
current t through in terms of the voltage across
1 1
VC (t )  Q  iC ( x)dx
C C  dQ dV
iC  C C
dt dt
Integral form of Capacitance law
Differential form of Capacitance law
The mathematical
implication of the integral Implications of differential form??
form is ...
VC Const  iC 0
VC (t  ) VC (t ); t
DC or steady state behavior

Voltage across a capacitor A capacitor in steady state acts as an

MUST be continuous. OPEN CIRCUIT.
 CAPACITOR AS CIRCUIT ELEMENT LEARNING EXAMPLE

iC

C 5F
vC DETERMINE THE CURRENT

 i (t ) C
dv
(t )
dvc 1 dt
iC (t ) C (t ) iR  v R
dt R  60mA
t
1
vC (t )  iC ( x)dx vR RiR
C  24  V 
t t0 t
Ohm’s Law i 5 10 6 [ F ]  3  
20mA
6 10  s 
   i (t ) 0 elsewhere
  t0 vc ( tO )
t
1 0 1 t
vC (t )  iC ( x )dx  iC ( x )dx
C  C t0
t
1
vC (t ) vC (t0 )  iC ( x)dx
C t0
The fact that the voltage is defined through
an integral has important implications...
 CAPACITOR AS ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE
Instantaneous power

pC (t ) vC (t )iC (t ) W
iC 
vC dvc 1
t
qC (t )
iC (t ) C
dt
(t ) vC (t ) 
C iC ( x)dx  C
 

dvc 1 dqC
pC (t ) CvC (t ) pC (t )  qC (t ) (t )
dt C dt
d 1  1 d 1 2 
pC (t ) C  vC2 (t )  pC (t )   qc (t ) 
dt  2  C dt  2 
Energy is the integral of power t2
wC (t 2 , t1 ) pC ( x )dx
t1

If t1 is minus infinity, we talk about If both limits are infinity, then we

“energy stored at time t2.” talk
about the “total energy stored.”
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
wC (t 2 , t1 )  CvC (t 2 )  CvC (t1 ) wC (t 2 , t1 )  qC (t 2 )  qC (t1 )
2 2 C C
 Energy stored in 0 - 6 msec

C 5F 1 2 1 2
wC (0,6)  CvC (6)  CvC (0)
2 2
1
wC (0,6)  5 *10 6 [ F ] * (24) 2 [V 2 ]
2
Charge stored at 3msec

qC (3) CvC (3)

qC (3) 5 *10  6 [ F ] *12[V ] 60 C
LEARNING EXAMPLE

“total energy stored?” ....

“total charge stored?” ...

If charge is in Coulombs
and capacitance in Farads,
then the energy is in ….
C 4  F . FIND THE VOLTAGE

v (0) 0

1t
v (t ) v (0)  i ( x )dx; t  0
C0

0 t 2
1t
v (t ) v (2)  i ( x )dx; t  2
C2

2  t 4ms
3
v (t )  2t  8 10 [V ]
 C 4  F . FIND THE POWER

i (t ) 8 10 3 t p(t ) 8t 3 , 0 t 2ms

v (0) 0

2  t 4ms
p( t ) 0, elsewhere
FIND THE ENERGY

p(t ) 8t 3 , 0 t 2ms

2  t 4ms

p(t ) 0, elsewhere

LEARNING EXTENSION
C 2  F dv
i (t ) C (t )
DETERMINE THE CURRENT dt

 12  V 
i 2 10 6 F 
4 10 3  s 

12 V 
i 2 10  6 F   s 
2 10  3
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

v (t ) C 2  F

WHAT VARIABLES CAN BE
v ( t ) 130 sin (120 t ) COMPUTED?

1 1  
Energy stored at a given time t E (t )  CvC2 (t ) E (1 / 240)  2 *10  6 [ F ] *130 2 sin 2   J
2 2  2

Charge stored at a given time qC (t ) CvC (t ) qC (1 / 120) 2 *10  6 [C ] * sin( )[V ] 0 C

dvC
(t ) iC (1 / 120)  2 *10 *130 *120 cos( )
6
Current through the capacitor iC C A
dt

Electric power supplied to capacitor at a given time pC (t ) vC (t )iC (t ) W

1 1
Energy stored over a given time interval w (t 2 , t1 )  CvC2 (t 2 )  CvC2 (t1 ) J
2 2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

iC If the current is known ...


Current through capacitor
C vC
e  0.5t ; t 0
 iC (t )  [mA]
 0; t  0
C 2 F
t
1
Voltage at a given time t vC (t )  iC ( x ) dx vC (0) 0[V ]
C  1
t
v
oltage at a given time t when voltage at time to<t is also knownC (t ) v (t
C 0 )  
C t0
iC ( x)dx
2 2
1 1  1  0.5 x  1 1
vC (2) vC (0)  e  0.5 x dx  
 0.5 e 
 2 *10 0.5


1  e 1
 0 . 6321 * 10 6
V
2 *10  6
6
C0  0
Charge at a given time qC (t ) CvC (t ) qC (2)  2 * 0.6321 C
t t
1 1  0.5 x
Voltage as a function of time vC (t ) 
C 

iC ( x ) dx vC (t ) 0; t 0 vC (t ) vC ( 0 )  
C0
e dx

Electric power supplied to capacitor pC (t ) vC (t )iC (t ) W 106 (1  e  0.5t ); t 0

vC (t )  V
1
Energy stored in capacitor at a given timew ( t )  CvC2 ( t ) J  0 ; t  0
2
“Total” energy stored in the capacitorwT 1 CvC2 () 1
2 wT  2 *10 6 * (106 ) 2 106 J
2
SAMPLE PROBLEM Given current and capacitance
Compute voltage as a function of time

At minus infinity everything is zero. Since

current is zero for t<0 we have
VC (t ) 0; t 0
15 A 10  6 A
0  t  5m sec  iC (t )  t 3  3 t 3 *10  3 [ A / s ] t
5 ms 10 s
t
5 10 3 *10  3 3 *103 2
6 
t (m sec) VC (0) 0  VC (t )  xdx [V ]  t [V ]; 0  t  5 *10  3 [ s ]
4 *10 0 8
In particular 3 *103 * (5 *10  3 ) 2 75
VC (5ms)  [V ]  [ mV ]
8 8
Charge stored at 5ms
5  t  10 ms  iC (t )  10 [ A]
qC (t ) CVC (t ) 75
3 VC (5ms)  [ mV ]
75 *10 8
q (5ms) 4 *10  6 [ F ] * [V ]
8 75 *10  3 1
t

( 10 *10
6
 VC (t )   )[ A / s ]dx
q (5ms) (75 / 2) [nC ] 8 4 *10  6 5*10 3

75 *10  3 10
Total energy stored
VC ( t ) 
8

4
 
t  5 *10  3 [V ]; 5 *10  3  t  10 *10  3 [ s ]
1
E  CVC2
2 Before looking into a formal way to describe the current,
we will look at additional questions that can be answered
Total means at infinity. Hence
2
3 Now, for a formal way to represent piecewise
 6  25 *10 
ET 0.5 * 4 *10   [ J ] functions....
 8 
 INDUCTORS NOTICE USE OF
PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

A TIME VARYING FLUX

CREATES A COUNTER EMF
Flux lines may extend AND CAUSES A VOLTAGE
beyond inductor creating TO APPEAR AT THE Circuit representation
stray inductance effects. TERMINALS OF THE for an inductor.
DEVICE.
 A TIME VARYING MAGNETIC FLUX LEARNING by Doing
INDUCES A VOLTAGE

d
vL  Induction law
dt
FOR A LINEAR INDUCTOR THE FLUX IS
PROPORTIONAL TO THE CURRENT

 LiL  di DIFFERENTIAL FORM

v L L L OF INDUCTION LAW
dt
THE PROPORTIONALITY CONSTANT, L, IS
CALLED THE INDUCTANCE OF THE COMPONENT

INDUCTANCE IS MEASURED IN UNITS OF

henry (H). DIMENSIONALLY
Volt
HENRY
Amp
sec
INDUCTORS STORE ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENERGY.
THEY MAY SUPPLY STORED ENERGY BACK TO
THE CIRCUIT BUT THEY CANNOT CREATE
ENERGY.
THEY MUST ABIDE BY THE PASSIVE SIGN
CONVENTION.
Follow passive sign convention
 di Differential form of induction law
vL L L
dt
t Integral form of induction law
1
iL (t )  vL ( x)dx
L 
t
1
iL (t ) iL (t0 )  vL ( x)dx; t t0
L t0
A direct consequence of integral formiL (t  ) iL (t ); t Current MUST be continuous
A direct consequence of differential formiL Const.  vL 0 DC (steady state) behavior
Power and Energy stored
diL d 1 
pL (t ) vL (t )iL (t ) W pL (t ) L (t )iL (t )   LiL2 (t ) 
dt dt  2 
t2
d 1 
w L (t 2 , t1 )   Li L2 ( x )  dx J
Current in Amps, Inductance in Henrys
yield energy in Joules
1
t dt  2 
1 1 Energy stored on the interval
w (t 2 , t1 )  LiL2 (t 2 )  LiL2 (t1 ) Can be positive or negative
2 2
1 “Energy stored at time t” must be non-
w L (t )  LiL2 (t ) negative. Passive element!!!
2
 LEARNING EXAMPLEFIND THE TOTLA ENERGY STORED IN THE CIRCUIT

In steady state inductors act

as short circuits and
capacitors act as open circuits

1 1 2
WC  CVC W L  LI L
2

2 2
VA VA  9
@ A : 3 A   0
9 6
81
 VA  [V ]
5

6
I L1  3 A  I L 2  I L1  1.2 A V  V 10.8V
C2
63 A
VA
VC 1 9  6 I L1  VC 1 16.2V I L 2  1.8 A
9
LEARNING EXAMPLE L=10mH. FIND THE VOLTAGE

di
v (t ) L (t )
dt

20 10 3 A  A  A
m 10 m  10  
2 10 3 s  s   s di 
(t ) 10( A / s ) 3
THE DERIVATIVE OF A STRAIGHT LINE IS ITS dt   v (t ) 100 10 V 100mV
SLOPE. L 10 10 3 H 
 10( A / s ) 0 t 2ms
di 
 10( A / s ) 2  t 4ms
dt 
 0 elsewhere

ENERGY STORED BETWEEN 2 AND 4 ms

1 2 1 2
w (4,2)  LiL (4)  LiL (2)
2 2
w (4,2) 0  0.5 *10 *10 3 (20 *10 3 ) 2 J
THE VALUE IS NEGATIVE
BECAUSE THE INDUCTOR IS
SUPPLYING ENERGY
PREVIOUSLY STORED.
SAMPLE PROBLEM L=0.1H, i(0)=2A. Find i(t), t>0
ENERGY COMPUTATIONS
v (V ) 1 1
w (t 2 , t1 )  LiL2 (t 2 )  LiL2 (t1 )
2 2
2
Energy stored on the interval
1t Can be positive or negative
i (t ) i (0)  v ( x )dx
L0
Initial energy stored in inductor
2 t (s) w (0) 0.5 * 0.1[ H ](2 A) 2  0.2[ J ]
t
v ( x ) 2  v ( x )dx 2t ; 0  t 2 “Total energy stored in the inductor”
0
L 0.1H  i (t ) 2  20t ; 0 t 2 s w () 0.5 * 0.1[ H ] * (42 A) 2 88.2 J
v ( x ) 0; t  2  i (t ) i (2); t  2 s
Energy stored between 0 and 2 sec

i (A) 1 2 1 2
w (2,0)  LiL (2)  LiL (0)
42 2 2
w (2,0) 0.5 * 0.1* (42) 2  0.5 * 0.1* (2) 2

2 w( 2,0) 88[ J ]
2 t (s)
LEARNING EXAMPLE

FIND THE VOLTAGE ACROSS AND THE ENERGY

STORED (AS FUNCTION OF TIME).

v (t )

FOR ENERGY STORED IN THE INDUCTOR

w L (t )

NOTICE THAT ENERGY STORED AT

ANY GIVEN TIME IS NON NEGATIVE.
-THIS IS A PASSIVE ELEMENT-
 LEARNING EXAMPLE FIND THE CURRENT

i (t )

i (t )
L=200mH

1t
i (t ) i (0)  v ( x )dx; t  0
L0
v (t ) 0; t  0  i (0) 0
 L=200mH FIND THE POWER
NOTICE HOW POWER CHANGES
SIGN.

i (t )

POWER

FIND THE ENERGY

p(t ) ENERGY IS NEVER NEGATIVE.
THE DEVICE IS PASSIVE.

ENERGY

w (t )
LEARNING EXTENSION L=5mH
FIND THE VOLTAGE

di
v (t ) L (t )
20mA 10  20 dt
m m ( A / s)
1ms 2 1
v  50mV
0  10
m ( A / s)
m 0 4 3
v 0V v  50mV

v 5 10 3 ( H ) 20( A / s ); 0 t  1ms 100mV

CAPACITOR SPECIFICATIONS

CAPACITANC
E RANGEp F C 50mF Nominalcurrent
IN STANDARDVALUES 300nA ( 3)  3  V 
100 10 9 F  600nA
STANDARD CAPACITOR RATINGS 3  2  s 
6.3V  500V
STANDARD TOLERANCE 300nA
5%, 10%, 20%

LEARNING EXAMPLE

dv
i (t ) C (t )
dt

C 100nF 20%

GIVEN THE VOLTAGE WAVEFORM

DETERMINE THE VARIATIONS IN
CURRENT
INDUCTOR SPECIFICATIONS
CURRENT WAVEFORM
INDUCTANCERANGES1nH L 100mH
IN STANDARDVALUES
STANDARD INDUCTORRATINGS
mA  1A
STANDARD TOLERANCE
5%, 10%

LEARNING EXAMPLE
6 200 10 3  A 
v 100 10 H 
20 10 6  S 
di
v (t ) L (t )
dt

L 100  H 10%

GIVEN THE CURRENT WAVEFORM

DETERMINE THE VARIATIONS IN
VOLTAGE
C L
v i
i v
IDEAL AND PRACTICAL ELEMENTS

 i (t )
i (t )
i (t ) i (t )


 
v (t ) v (t ) v (t ) v (t )
 

IDEAL ELEMENTS
CAPACITOR/INDUCTOR MODELS
INCLUDING LEAKAGE RESISTANCE

dv di v (t ) dv di
i (t ) C (t ) v (t ) L (t ) i (t )   C (t ) v (t ) Rleak i (t )  L (t )
dt dt Rleak dt dt
MODEL FOR “LEAKY” MODEL FOR “LEAKY”
CAPACITOR INDUCTORS
SERIES CAPACITORS

C1C2
Cs 
C1  C2
Series Combination of two
capacitors

6F 3F CS 
2 F

NOTICE SIMILARITY
WITH RESITORS IN
PARALLEL
LEARNING EXAMPLE

DETERMINE EQUIVALENT 1 F
CAPACITANCE AND THE
INITIAL VOLTAGE

2 F

3  2 1

6
OR WE CAN REDUCE TWO AT A TIME

2V  4V  1V

ALGEBRAIC SUM OF INITIAL VOLTAGES

POLARITY IS DICTATED BY THE REFERENCE

DIRECTION FOR THE VOLTAGE
LEARNING EXAMPLETwo uncharged capacitors are connected as shown.
Find the unknown capacitance

FIND C1
 
8V 30  F 18V
+ 
-

12V 
4V C


SAME CURRENT. CONNECTED FOR THE SAME TIME PERIOD

SAME CHARGE ON BOTH CAPACITORS

Q (30  F )(8V ) 240 C Q CV  Q (12 F )(6V ) 72 C

72 C
C1  4  F
18V
PARALLEL CAPACITORS

dv
ik (t ) C k (t )
dt

i (t )
LEARNING EXAMPLE

CP 4  6  2  3 15 F
LEARNING EXTENSION
6 F

2 F 4 F

3 F

C eq  4 F
3
C eq   F 3 F
2
12  F
SAMPLE PROBLEM FIND EQUIVALENT CAPACITANCE

ALL CAPACITORSARE4F

8 F

8 F

4 F
32
F 8 F
C eq 12
8
8 
32 8 F
3 3
SAMPLE PROBLEM

IF ALL CAPACITORS HAVE THE SAME CAPACITANCE VALUE C,

DETERMINE THE VARIOUS EQUIVALENT CAPACITANCES
Examples of interconnections

All capacitors are equal

with C=8 microFarads

C EQ

C AB ______
SERIES INDUCTORS

di
v (t ) LS (t )
dt
di
vk (t ) Lk (t ) LEARNING EXAMPLE
dt

Leq  7 H
PARALLEL INDUCTORS

i (t )

LEARNING EXAMPLE

N 4mH 2mH
i (t 0 )  i j (t 0 ) i (t 0 ) 3 A  6 A  2 A  1A
j 1
INDUCTORS COMBINE LIKE RESISTORS
CAPACITORS COMBINE LIKE CONDUCTANCES
LEARNING EXTENSION

ALL INDUCTORS ARE 4mH

a
CONNECT COMPONENTS BETWEEN NODES

d 6mH
a 4mH
2mH
WHEN IN
c 4mH
DOUBT…
REDRAW!
Leq d c
2mH
2mH 2mH
b
IDENTIFY ALL NODES
PLACE NODES IN CHOSEN LOCATIONS b
a Leq (6mH || 4mH )  2mH 4.4mH

c
d

b
LEARNING EXTENSION

ALL INDUCTORS ARE 6mH

a a

6 || 6 || 6 2mH
Leq b
6mH
b
6mH

6mH c
c
48 24
NODES CAN HAVE COMPLICATED SHAPES. Leq 6  (6  2) || 6 6  6 mH
KEEP IN MIND DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 14 7
PHYSICAL LAYOUT AND ELECTRICAL
CONNECTIONS. 66
Leq  mH
a 7

b SELECTED LAYOUT

c
L-C