Functions 2
Functions 2
Core 3
for Edexcel
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Functions and mappings
Composite functions
Inverse functions and their graphs
The modulus function
Transforming functions
Examination-style questions
Square
Many-to-one
In a many-to-one mapping, two or –1
1
1
more elements in the domain can
–2
be mapped onto the same element 4
2
in the range. For example: –3
9
3
Is a factor of
Many-to-many
In a many-to-many mapping more 1 5
than one element in the domain can 2 6
be mapped onto more than one 4 7
element in the range. For example: 8 8
Composite functions
Inverse functions and their graphs
The modulus function
Transforming functions
Examination-style questions
Remember,
The domain of a function is the set of
values to which the function can be applied.
Composite functions
Inverse functions and their graphs
The modulus function
Transforming functions
Examination-style questions
gf
Since we are applying g to f(x), this can be written as g[f(x)] or
more simply as gf(x). So:
gf(x) = (x – 3)2
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Composite functions
fg
It is also possible to form a composite function by applying the
same function twice. For example, if we apply the function f to
f(x), we have ff(x) or f 2(x).
f 2(x) = f [f (x)]
= f(x – 3)
= (x – 3) – 3
=x–6
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Composite function machine
Composite functions
Inverse functions and their graphs
The modulus function
Transforming functions
Examination-style questions
4x + 3
This is a
0 3 one-to-one
1 7 mapping.
2 11
3 15
4 19
The range of this mapping is the set {3, 7, 11, 15, 19}.
Sometimes we might want to reverse this function so that the
set {3, 7, 11, 15, 19} is mapped onto the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
x 3 ÷4 –3
x–3 x
4
The domain of f –1(x) is the same as the range of f(x) and the
range of f –1(x) is the same as the domain of f(x).
Therefore, since f(x) = 4x + 3 is a one-to-one function, its
inverse must also be a one-to-one function.
Suppose we wanted to find the inverse of a many-to-one
function, for example, the inverse of f(x) = x2 over the domain
{–2, – 1, 0, 1, 2}.
x2
–2 3 This is a
0 many-to-one
–1 7
mapping.
0 11
1
1 15
2 4
19
The inverse of this function would map the range of f(x) onto
the domain of f(x) as follows:
±√x
3 –2 This is a
0 one-to-many
7 –1
mapping.
11
1 0
15 1
4
19 2
Composite functions
Inverse functions and their graphs
The modulus function
Transforming functions
Examination-style questions
x when x ≥ 0
|x| =
–x when x < 0
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The graph of y = |x|
In general, for positive values of x (that is, for parts of the curve
to the right of the y-axis) the graph of y = f(|x|) will be the same
as the graph of y = f(x).
For negative values of x (that is, for parts of the curve to the left
of the y-axis) the graph of y = f(|x|) will be the same as the
graph of y = f(–x).
From previous work on transformations you will remember that
the graph of y = f(–x) is a reflection of the graph of y = f(x) in
the y-axis.
Therefore, starting with the graph of y = f(x), the graph of
y = f(|x|) can be sketched by reflecting left of the y-axis any part
of y = f(x) that is to the right of the y-axis.
Any part of y = f(x) that is to the left of the y-axis is ignored.
y At point A, –(2x – 5) = 3
y = –(2x – 5)
2x – 5 = –3
y = 2x – 5
2x = 2
A B y=3 x=1
At point B, 2x – 5 = 3
2x = 8
0 x
x=4
y = |f(x)|
y=6
–2 1 2 5
2x – 3 = x – 4 or 2x – 3 = –(x – 4)
x = –1 2x – 3 = 4 – x
3x = 7
7
x= 3
1
x=23
y = |x – 4|
–1 0 2 31 x
if |x| ≤ a then –a ≤ x ≤ a
if |x| ≥ a then x ≤ –a or x ≥ a
–a a
|x| ≥ a
–a a
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Inequalities involving the modulus function
4x – 5 < –7 or 4x – 5 > 7
4x < –2 4x > 12
1
x<– 2 x>3
Composite functions
Inverse functions and their graphs
The modulus function
Transforming functions
Examination-style questions
Composite functions
Inverse functions and their graphs
The modulus function
Transforming functions
Examination-style questions
gf ( x ) = g( x + 3 )
= 6 x + 3 +1
c) Let gf ( x ) = y = 6 x + 3 +1
y 1
= x+3
6
2
y 1
6 = x+3
2
y 1
x= 3
6
2
1 x 1
(gf ) ( x ) = 3
6
d) (gf)–1(x) = –2 x = gf(–2)
= 6 2 + 3 +1
=7
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Examination-style question 2
a) y = |x|
1
1. Stretch horizontally by a scale factor of 2.
y = |2x|
2. Translate – 21 units in the x-direction.
y = |2(x + 21 )| = |2x + 1|
3. Translate –3 units in the y-direction.
y = |2x + 1| – 3
(–2, 0) (1, 0)
x
(0,–2)
d) |2x + 1| – 3 ≥ x
Using a graph shows that there are two critical points given by
points A and B.
y = |2x + 1| – 3 At point A, x = –(2x + 1) – 3
y x = –2x – 4
y=x
3x = – 4
x = – 34
B
At point B, x = (2x + 1) – 3
A x
x = 2x – 2
–x = –2
x=2
So |2x + 1| – 3 ≥ x when: x ≤ – 34 or x ≥ 2
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