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Topic 2.1, 2.2 Cell Structure and Functions

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27 views

Topic 2.1, 2.2 Cell Structure and Functions

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bazerganah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 2.

CELLS
TOPIC 2.1 AND 2.2

A Tour of the Cell


ENDURING UNDERSTANDING
SYI-1 Living systems are organized in a hierarchy of structural
levels that interact.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
SYI-1.D Describe the structure and/ or function of subcellular
components and organelles.
SYI-1.E Explain how subcellular components and organelles
contribute to the function of the cell.
SCIENCE SKILL
Concept Explanation 1.A.
Describe biological concepts and/or processes.

Argumentation 6.A
Make a scientific claim.
CH. 4 WARM-UP
1. At minimum, what structures or
components must a cell contain to be
alive?

2. What are the differences between plant


and animal cells?

3. In biology, “Structure dictates function”.


Think of a type of cell in your body. In what
way is its structure related to its function?
Explain.
WARM-UP
1. Contrast prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic
cells.
2. List and describe the contents
inside of the nucleus of a
eukaryotic cell.
3. Describe the structure of the
nuclear envelope.
WARM-UP
1. List 3 differences between plant and
animal cells.
2. An antibody (a protein molecule) is
produced and released by a plasma cell.
List the pathway that this protein takes
in the cell from it’s production until it is
released to the outside of the cell. (Hint:
The antibody travels through the
endomembrane system.)
3. What would happen to a cell if it did not
have fully functional lysosomes?
YOU MUST KNOW
 Three differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
 The structure and function of organelles
common to plant and animal cells.
 The structure and function of organelles found
only in plant cells or only in animal cells.
 How different cell types show differences in
subcellular components.
 How internal membranes and organelles
contribute to cell functions.
 How cell size and shape affect the overall rate
of nutrient intake and waste elimination.
2 TYPES OF CELLS:
1. Prokaryotes: Domain Bacteria &
Archaea
2. Eukaryotes (Domain Eukarya):
Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
A PROKARYOTIC CELL (BACTERIA)
PROKARYOTE VS.
EUKARYOTE
 “before” “kernel” “true” “kernel” 

 No nucleus  Has nucleus and


 DNA in a nucleoid nuclear envelope
 Cytosol
 Cytosol
 Membrane-bound
 No organelles other
organelles with
than ribosomes specialized
 Small size
structure/function
 Primitive  Much larger in size

 i.e. Bacteria &  More complex

Archaea
The nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly  i.e. plant/animal cell
shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains
all or most of the genetic material.
NUCLEUS
 Function: control center of cell
 Contains DNA (& mRNA)

 Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear

envelope)
 Continuous with the rough ER
 Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves

nucleus
 Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes

up chromosomes
 Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits

(rRNA + proteins) are formed


RIBOSOMES
 Function: protein synthesis
 Composed of rRNA + protein

 Large subunit + small subunit

 Types:

1. Free ribosomes: float in cytosol, produce


proteins used within cell
2. Bound ribosomes: attached to ER, make
proteins for export from cell
ENDOMEMBRANE
SYSTEM:
Regulates protein traffic &
performs metabolic functions
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
 Network of membranes and sacs
 Types:

1. Rough ER: ribosomes on surface


 Function: package proteins for secretion,

send transport vesicles to Golgi.


2. Smooth ER: no ribosomes on surface
 Function: synthesize lipids, metabolize

carbs, detox drugs & poisons, store Ca2+


ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(ER)
GOLGI APPARATUS
 Function: synthesis & packaging of materials (small
molecules) for transport (in vesicles); produce
lysosomes
 Series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)

 Cis face: receives vesicles


 Trans face: ships vesicles
LYSOSOMES
 Function: intracellular digestion; recycle cell’s
materials.
 Contains hydrolytic enzymes

 Immune system - It destroys viruses and bacteria

that attack the cell.


 Suicide Bags - When a cell becomes old or is

damaged, lysosomes burst and enzymes digest


their own cells.
 It destroys worn-out cellular organelles and

organic debris
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=m35jZGyEDhI
VACUOLES
 Function: storage of materials (food, water,
minerals, pigments, poisons)
 Membrane-bound vesicles

 Eg. food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles

 Plants: large central vacuole -- stores water,

and ions; retains water for turgor pressure


( Pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that
presses the cell membrane against the cell
wall).
Parts of plant & animal cell p 108-109
MITOCHONDRIA
 Function: site of cellular respiration
 Double membrane: outer and inner membrane

 Cristae: folds of inner membrane; contains

enzymes for ATP production; increased surface


area to  ATP made
 Matrix: fluid-filled inner compartment
CHLOROPLASTS
 Function: site of photosynthesis
 Double membrane

 Thylakoid disks in stacks (grana); stroma

(fluid)
 Contains chlorophylls (pigments) for

capturing sunlight energy


ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
 Mitochondria & chloroplasts
share similar origin
 Prokaryotic cells engulfed

by ancestors of eukaryotic
cells
 Evidence:

 Double-membrane
structure
 Have own ribosomes &
DNA
 Reproduce
independently within cell
PEROXISOMES
 Functions: break down fatty acids; detox
alcohol
 Involves the production of hydrogen peroxide

(H2O2)
 Peroxisomes are small, membrane-enclosed organelles
that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic
reactions, including several aspects of energy metabolism .
CYTOSKELETON: NETWORK OF PROTEIN
FIBERS
 Function: support, motility, regulate
biochemical activities
PLANT CELLS

 Cell wall: protect plant,


maintain shape
 Composed of
cellulose
 Plasmodesmata:

channels between cells


to allow passage of
molecules from cell to
cell
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
(ECM)
 Outside plasma membrane of animal cells
 Composed of glycoproteins (ex. collagen)

 Function: Strengthens tissues and transmits external

signals to cell
INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS
(ANIMAL CELLS)
 Tight junctions: 2
cells are fused to form
watertight seal
 Desmosomes: “rivet

s” that fasten adjacent


cells into strong sheets
 Gap junctions:

channels through
which ions, sugar,
small molecules can
pass
Plant Cells Only Animals Cells Only

Central vacuoles Lysosomes

Chloroplasts Centrioles

Cell wall of cellulose Flagella, cilia

Desmosomes, tight
Plasmodesmata
and gap junctions
Extracellular matrix
(ECM)
HARVARD CELL VIDEO
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=QplXd76lAYQ

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