MATLAB COURSE

•Prepared by:
Eng.Mohammad Ayyash
Al-qaisiah
•IEEE Vice Chair of AL-
BALQA’A APPLIED
UNIVERSITY
The default MATLAB Desktop. Figure 1.1–1
You can perform operations in MATLAB in two
ways:

1. In the interactive mode, in which all

commands are entered directly in the
Command window, or
2. By running a MATLAB program stored in
script file.

This type of file contains MATLAB

commands, so running it is equivalent to
typing all the commands—one at a time—
at the Command window prompt.

You can run the file by typing its name at

the Command window prompt.
Entering Commands and Expressions

• MATLAB retains your previous keystrokes.

• Use the up-arrow key to scroll back back through
the commands.
• Press the key once to see the previous entry, and so
on.
• Use the down-arrow key to scroll forward. Edit a
line using the left- and right-arrow keys the
Backspace key, and the Delete key.
• Press the Enter key to execute the command.
An Example Session

>> 8/10
ans =
0.8000
>> 5*ans
ans =
4
>> r=8/10
r =
0.8000
>> r
r =
0.8000
>> s=20*r
s =
16
Scalar Arithmetic Operations Table 1.1–1

Symbol Operation MATLAB form

^ exponentiation: ab a^b
* multiplication: ab a*b
/ right division: a/b a/b
\ left division: b/a a\b
+ addition: a + b a + b
- subtraction: a - b a - b
Order of Precedence Table 1.1–2

Precedence Operation
First Parentheses, evaluated starting with the
innermost pair.

Second Exponentiation, evaluated from left to right.

Third Multiplication and division with equal

precedence, evaluated from left to right.

Fourth Addition and subtraction with equal precedence,

evaluated from left to right.
Examples of Precedence

>> 8 + 3*5
ans =
23
>> 8 + (3*5)
ans =
23
>>(8 + 3)*5
ans =
55
>>4^2­
12­8/4*2
ans =
0
>>4^2­
12­8/(4*2)
ans =
3
Examples of Precedence (continued)

>> 3*4^2 + 5
ans =
53
>>(3*4)^2 + 5
ans =
149
>>27^(1/3) + 32^(0.2)
ans =
5
>>27^(1/3) + 32^0.2
ans =
5
>>27^1/3 + 32^0.2
ans =
11
The Assignment Operator =

• Typing x = 3 assigns the value 3 to the variable x.

• We can then type x = x + 2. This assigns the value 3 +
2 = 5 to x. But in algebra this implies that 0 = 2.
• In algebra we can write x + 2 = 20, but in MATLAB we
cannot.
• In MATLAB the left side of the = operator must be a single
variable.
• The right side must be a computable value.
Commands for managing the work session Table 1.1–3

Command Description
clc Clears the Command window.
clear Removes all variables from memory.
clear v1 v2 Removes the variables v1 and v2 from
memory.
exist(‘var’)Determines if a file or variable exists
having the name ‘var’.
quit or exit Stops MATLAB.
When you type problem1,
1. MATLAB first checks to see if problem1 is
a variable and if so, displays its value.
2. If not, MATLAB then checks to see if
problem1 is one of its own commands, and
executes it if it is.
3. If not, MATLAB then looks in the current
directory for a file named problem1.m
and executes problem1 if it finds it.
4. If not, MATLAB then searches the
directories in its search path, in order,
for problem1.m and then executes it if
found.
 Save and load
• 1-firstly change your directory from the default directory to another
one

 2- use save command to save your variables as shown

 Save name
 3- use load command to retrieve your variables as shown
 Load name
Commands for managing the work session
Table 1.1–3 (continued)

who Lists the variables currently in memory.

whos Lists the current variables and sizes,
and indicates if they have imaginary
parts.
: Colon; generates an array having
regularly spaced elements.
, Comma; separates elements of an
array.
; Semicolon; suppresses screen printing;
also denotes a new row in an array.
... Ellipsis; continues a line.
Special Variables and Constants Table 1.1–4

Command Description
ans Temporary variable containing the most recent
answer.
eps Specifies the accuracy of floating point
precision.
i,j The imaginary unit 1.
Inf Infinity.
NaN Indicates an undefined numerical result.
pi The number .
Complex Number Operations

• The number c1 = 1 – 2i is entered as follows:

c1 = 1­-2i.

• An asterisk is not needed between i or j and

a number, although it is required with a
variable, such as c2 = 5i*c1.

• Be careful. The expressions

y = 7/2*i
and
x = 7/2i
give two different results: y = (7/2)i = 3.5i
and x = 7/(2i) = –3.5i.
Numeric Display Formats Table 1.1–5

Command Description and Example

format short Four decimal digits (the
default); 13.6745.
format long 16 digits;
17.27484029463547.
format short e Five digits (four decimals)
plus exponent;
6.3792e+03.
format long e 16 digits (15 decimals)
plus exponent;
6.379243784781294e–04.
Numeric Display Formats Table 1.1–5

Command Description and Example

Format hex show results in hexadecimal mode
format rational show the results in rational mode
Format bank show results in percentage mode

Ex:
format bank format to know the type of
rational Your format use
>> 99/3 >> 6.9 get(0,’format’)
Ex:
ans = get(0,'format')
ans =
69/10 ans =
33.00
rational
Some Commonly Used Mathematical Functions Table 1.3–1
Function MATLAB syntax1
ex exp(x)
√x sqrt(x)
ln x log(x)
log10 x log10(x)
cos x cos(x) 1
The MATLAB
sin x sin(x) trigonometric functions
use radian measure.
tan x tan(x)
cos1 x acos(x)
sin1 x asin(x)
tan1 x atan(x)
Some Commonly Used Mathematical Functions Table 1.3–1
Function MATLAB syntax1
√x x^0.5

cos x cosd(x)
sin x sind(x)
tan x tand(x)
cos-1 x acosd(x)
trigonometric functions
sin-1 x asind(x) use degree measure.
tan-1 x atand(x)
Sec x secd(x)
Csc x cscd(x)
Cot x cotd(x)
Some Commonly Used Mathematical Functions Table 1.3–1
Function MATLAB syntax1
Rounding
round(x)
Remaining of division
rem(x,y)
Rounding to floor
floor(x)
sign(5)
floor(5.9)
Rounding ceil(5.4)
to ceil round(4.4) ans =

ansceil(x)
= ans = ans =
1

>> sign(0)
To
5 know the 6signal of no.
4 ans =
>>Sign(x)
floor(-5.9) >> ceil(-5.4) 0
>> round(4.7)
ans = ans = >> sign(-9)

ans = ans =
-6 -5
-1
5
COMMENTS

The comment symbol may be put anywhere in the

line. MATLAB ignores everything to the right of the
% symbol. For example,

>>% This is a comment.

>>x = 2+3 % So is this.
x =
5

Note that the portion of the line before the % sign is

executed to compute x.
Arrays

• The numbers 0, 0.1, 0.2, …, 10 can be assigned to the

variable u by typing u = [0:0.1:10].
• To compute w = 5 sin u for u = 0, 0.1, 0.2, …, 10, the
session is;

>>u = [0:0.1:10];
>>w = 5*sin(u);

• The single line, w = 5*sin(u), computed the formula

w = 5 sin u 101 times.
Array Index
>>u(7)
ans =
0.6000
>>w(7)
ans =
2.8232

• Use the length function to determine

how many values are in an array.

>>m = length(w)
m =
101
 Column Array
To make an array with one column and multi rows use the
following two modes
1- using semicolon x=[1;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9;]
2- using single quote x=[1:9] ‘
Use length function to measure how many elements are
available in an array
Ex x=[1:9]';
>> length(x)

ans =

9
Arrays Applications

• Summation & subtraction of arrays

Ex:
a1=[1:9]
a1 =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
>> a2=[4:12]
a2 =
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
>> a1+a2
ans =
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
>> a1-a2
ans =
-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
Arrays Applications
To multiply or divide two matrices or
• Multiplication and division two arrays the no. of column in
Ex:
first array must equal the no. of
a1=[1:9];
row in the second array
>> a2=[4:12]';
>> a1*a2
ans =
420
>> a2*a1
ans =
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72
9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99
12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108
Arrays Applications

• arrays construction methods

Ex:
a1=[1:3];
>> a2=[0.1:0.1:0.3];
>> a4=a1+a2

a4 =

1.1000 2.2000 3.3000

>> a3=[a1 a2]

a3 =

1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000

Arrays Applications

• arrays construction methods

Ex:
a1=[1:3];
>> a2=[0.1:0.1:0.3];
>> a4=a1+a2

a4 =

1.1000 2.2000 3.3000

>> a3=[a1 ; a2]

a3 =

1.0000 2.0000 3.0000

0.1000 0.2000 0.3000
Arrays Applications
• arrays elements change
Ex:
a2=[1:7];
a2(1,5)=9% or a(5)
a2 =
[1 2 3 4 9 6 7]

a3=[1:7]';
>> a3(4)=8 % or a3(4,1)=5
a3 =
1
2
3
8
5
6
7
 Matrices Representation
• To enter a matrix with m rows and n column as follow
• A= a11,a12,a13,…,a1n
• : : : :

( )
• : : : :
• am1,am2,am3,…,amn
• Matlab expression
• A=[a11,a12,…,a1n;a21,a22,…,a2n;…;amn]
 Matrices Representation
• 3x4 matrix
• a=[1 2 3 4;5 6 7 8;9 10 11 12]
•a=
• 1 2 3 4
• 5 6 7 8
• 9 10 11 12
• 2x2 matrix
• > a1=[2,3;4 6]
• a1 =
• 2 3
• 4 6
Matrices Index

• a=[1 2 3 4;5 6 7 8;9 10 11 12]

• a=
• 1 2 3 4
• 5 6 7 8
• 9 10 11 12
• >> a(2,3)
• ans =
• 7
• a(4,4)
• ??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.
•
• Adding and subtraction number
• a1=[1:5;2:6;3:7]
• a1 = Matrices Applications
• 1 2 3 4 5
• 2 3 4 5 6
• 3 4 5 6 7
• >> a1=a1+3
• a1 =
• 4 5 6 7 8
• 5 6 7 8 9
• 6 7 8 9 10

• Multiplication & division number

• a1=a1/4

• a1 =

• 1.0000 1.2500 1.5000 1.7500 2.0000

• 1.2500 1.5000 1.7500 2.0000 2.2500
• 1.5000 1.7500 2.0000 2.2500 2.5000
• Subtraction & Addition
• a1=[1:5;2:6;3:7]
•
•
a1 =
1 2 3 4 5
Matrices Applications
• 2 3 4 5 6
• 3 4 5 6 7
• >> a2=[4:8;5:9;6:10]
• a2 =
• 4 5 6 7 8
• 5 6 7 8 9
• 6 7 8 9 10
• >> a1-a2
• ans =
• -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
• -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
• -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
• >> a1+a2
• ans =
• 5 7 9 11 13
• 7 9 11 13 15
• 9 11 13 15 17
• Multiplication & Division
• a1 =

Matrices Applications
• 1 2 3 4 5
• 2 3 4 5 6
• 3 4 5 6 7
• 9 8 7 6 5
• >> a2
• a2 =
• 4 5 6 8
• 5 6 7 9
• 6 7 8 10
• 3 4 5 6 To multiply or divide two matrices or
• 4 5 6 7 two arrays the no. of column in
• a1*a2 first array must equal the no. of
• ans = row in the second array
• 64 79 94 115
• 86 106 126 155
• 108 133 158 195
• 156 191 226 285
• a2*a1
• ans =
• 104 111 118 125 132
• 119 128 137 146 155
• 134 145 156 167 178
• 80 86 92 98 104
• 95 103 111 119 127
• Column Adding
• a1 =
•
•
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
Matrices Applications
• 3 4 5 6 7
• 9 8 7 6 5
• a1(:,5)=5 % or a1(1:end,5)=[5 5 5 5] or a1(1:4,5)=5
• a1 =
• 1 2 3 4 5
• 2 3 4 5 5
• 3 4 5 6 5
• 9 8 7 6 5
• Removing column
• a1 =
• 1 2 3 4 5
• 2 3 4 5 5
• 3 4 5 6 5
• 9 8 7 6 5
• a1(:,5)=[ ]
• a1 =
• 1 2 3 4
• 2 3 4 5
• 3 4 5 6
• 9 8 7 6
• Row Adding
• a1 =

Matrices Applications
• 1 2 3 4 5
• 2 3 4 5 6
• 3 4 5 6 7
• 9 8 7 6 5
• a1(5,1:end)=5
• a1 =
• 1 2 3 4
• 2 3 4 5
• 3 4 5 6
• 9 8 7 6
• 5 5 5 5
• Removing row
• a1 =
• 1 2 3 4
• 2 3 4 5
• 3 4 5 6
• 9 8 7 6
• 5 5 5 5
• a1(5,:)=[ ]
• a1 =
• 1 2 3 4
• 2 3 4 5
• 3 4 5 6
• 9 8 7 6
• Elements changing
• a1 =
•
•
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
Matrices Applications
• 3 4 5 6
• 9 8 7 6
• >> a1(3,3)=5
• a1 =
• 1 2 3 4
• 2 3 4 5
• 3 4 5 6
• 9 8 7 6
• a1(1:2,2:3)=[6 8; 9 8]
• a1 =
• 1 6 8 4
• 2 9 8 5
• 3 4 5 6
• 9 8 7 6
• a1(:,1)=1
• a1 =
• 1 6 8 4
• 1 9 8 5
• 1 4 5 6
• 1 8 7 6
• Zeros(m,n) :
• This command give zeros matrix with m row and
•
•
n column
ex: Matrices
• zeros(3,4)
• ans =
• 0 0 0 0
• 0 0 0 0
• 0 0 0 0

• Ones(m,n):
• This command give ones matrix with m row and n column
• ex:
• ones(3,4)
• ans =
• 1 1 1 1
• 1 1 1 1
• 1 1 1 1

• Eye(m,n)
• This command give identity matrix with m row and n column
• eye(2,3)
• ans =
• 1 0 0
• 0 1 0
• Magic(m)
• This command give magic matrix with m column and

Matrices
• M row this matrix have the same summation of
• Columns, rows and diameters
• Ex: magic(4)
• ans =
• 16 2 3 13
• 5 11 10 8
• 9 7 6 12
• 4 14 15 1
• Rand(m,n)
• This command give random matrix with m row and n column where the value of every element between 0-1
Ex: rand(3,2)
ans =
0.8147 0.9134
0.9058 0.6324
0.1270 0.0975
• Randn(m,n)
• This command give random matrix with m row and n column where the value of every element between 0-1 and
these values depend on normal distribution
• randn(3,2)
• ans =
• -0.4336 2.7694
• 0.3426 -1.3499
• 3.5784 3.0349
Diag(matrix name,r)
This command give the diagnal of matrix after r row
Ex: a1 =
1 6 8 4
Matrices
1 9 8 5
1 4 5 6
1 8 7 6
>> diag(a1)
ans = 1 9 5 6
>> diag(a1,2)
ans = 8 5
Inv(matrix): give the matrix inverse
a1 =
2 3 4
4 5 6
6 7 8
inv(a1)
ans =

1.0e+015 *

0.7506 -1.5012 0.7506

-1.5012 3.0024 -1.5012
0.7506 -1.5012 0.7506
Dot product of vectors
b1=[1:7]
b1 =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Matrices
>> b2=[4:10]
b2 =
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
>> b1*b2'
ans =
224
>> dot(b1,b2) % or dot(b2,b1)
ans =
224
.* : this command multiply every elements in the first matrix with the opposite element in the second matrix
Ex:
a1=[1 2 3;1 2 3];
>> a2=[4 5 6;6 7 8];
>> a1.*a2
ans =
4 10 18
6 14 24
./ :
Matrices
a1=[1 2 3;1 2 3];
>> a2=[4 5 6;6 7 8];
>> a1./a2
ans =
0.2500 0.4000 0.5000
0.1667 0.2857 0.3750
.^ :
a1=[1 2 3;1 2 3];
>> a1.^2
ans =
1 4 9
1 4 9
a1=[1 2 3;1 2 3;5 6 7];
logm(a1)
ans =
-11.2390 + 2.6969i 12.0991 - 0.6097i 0.5736 - 0.7747i
23.6246 - 0.4446i -22.7645 + 2.5319i 0.5736 - 0.7747i
-10.7608 - 1.1980i 12.8638 - 1.6426i 1.6248 + 1.0543i
>> expm(a1)
ans =
1.0e+004 *

0.9206 1.2622 1.6039

0.9205 1.2623 1.6039
2.4802 3.4007 4.3213
• Size(matrix name) :give  max(matrix name) :give maximum
matrix or array size
• Ex: 
element in every column
Ex:
Matrices
• a1=[1:7];  a1=[1:7]; And Arrays
• >> a2=[1:7]';  >> a2=[1:7]';
• >> a3=[1 2 3;4 5 6;6 7 8;3 4  >> a3=[1 2 3;4 5 6;6 7 8;3 4 5];
5];  max(a1)
• >> size(a1)  ans =
• ans =  7
• 1 7  >> max(a2)
• >> size(a2)  ans =
• ans =  7
• 7 1  >> max(a3)
• >> size(a3)  ans =
• ans =  6 7 8
• 4 3
 >> max(max(a3))
 ans =
 8
• length(matrix name) :give  min(matrix name) :give
matrix or array length
• Ex:

Matrices
minimum element in every column
 Ex:
• a1=[1:7];  a1=[1:7];
And Arrays
• >> a2=[1:7]';  >> a2=[1:7]';
• >> a3=[1 2 3;4 5 6;6 7 8;3 4  >> a3=[1 2 3;4 5 6;6 7 8;3 4 5];
5];  >> min(a1)
• >> length(a1)  ans =
• ans =  1
• 7  >> min(a2)
• >> length(a2)  ans =
• ans =  1
• 7  >> min(a3)
• >> length(a3)  ans =
• ans =  1 2 3
• 4  >> min(min(a3))
 ans =
 1
Polynomial Roots

To find the roots of x3 – 7x2 + 40x – 34 = 0, the session

is

>>a = [1,-7,40,-34];
>>roots(a)
ans =
3.0000 + 5.000i
3.0000 - 5.000i
1.0000

The roots are x = 1 and x = 3 ± 5i.

Poly commands

• Poly: This command opposite root command where this command find the
parameters of the polynomial if it’s roots has been found
• Ex: x^3+4*x^2+88*x+100
r=[1 4 88 100]
r=
1 4 88 100
>> e=roots(r)
e=
-1.4095 + 9.0931i
-1.4095 - 9.0931i
-1.1810
>> poly(e)
ans =
1.0000 4.0000 88.0000 100.0000
Poly commands

• Polyval(p,point): this command find the value of the polynomial at specific

point value
• Where p : parameters of equation
• Ex: x^3+4*x^2+88*x+100
p=[1 4 88 100]
p=
1 4 88 100
>> polyval(p,2)
ans =
300
polyval(r,[2 9 8])
ans =
300 1945 1572
Poly commands

• Poly2sym(polynomial parameter): this command give the user the

polynomial as a function of x rather than vector
• Ex: assume we have the roots of equation r
• r=
• -1.4095 + 9.0931i
• -1.4095 - 9.0931i
• -1.1810
• >> polyval(r,2)
• ans =
• -9.6379 +18.1862i
• >> poly2sym(poly(r))
• ans =
• x^3 + 4*x^2 + 88*x + 100
• Standard deviation :
• Std(vector)  Intersection :
Data
• Ex:  >> a1=[1:7];
• a1 =  >> a2=[3:9];
processing
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  >> intersect(a1,a2)
• std(a1)  ans =
• ans =  3 4 5 6 7
• 2.1602  Ismember :
 ismember(9,a1)
• Mean :  ans =
• mean(a1)  0
• ans =  >> ismember(2,a1)
• 4  ans =
 1
Union:  Setdiff :
a1=[1:7];  setdiff(a1,a2)
>> a2=[3:9];  ans =
>> union(a1,a2)  1 2
ans =
 >> setdiff(a2,a1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 ans =
9  8 9
•Syms : this command used Algebraic
to declare a new variable
• Solve (exp1,exp2…,expn,x1,x2,…,xn) :
Calculations
• Ex:
 Ex:
• syms x
 >> syms x y
• >> solve('x^2+3*x+2')
 >> p=solve('x+5=0','y^3+y^2+y+1=0')
• ans =  p=
• -2  x: [3x1 sym]
• -1  y: [3x1 sym]
 >> p.x
 ans =
 -5
 -5
 -5
 >> p.y
 ans =
 -1
 i
 -i
•Ex: Algebraic
• syms x y b n
• >> solve('b*x^2+n*x-y','x') Calculations
•
• ans =
 Ex:
•
 Solve the following equations
• -(n + (n^2 + 4*b*y)^(1/2))/(2*b)
 Sin(x+y)-y.e^x=0
• -(n - (n^2 + 4*b*y)^(1/2))/(2*b)
 X^2-y=2

• Ex: solve the following equation

• Y=cos(t)-sin(n*t)
• >> syms n t
• >> solve('cos(t)-sin(n*t)','t')
•
• ans =
•
• pi/(2*n + 2)
• pi/(2*n - 2)
• Simplify : used to simplify the algebraic
functions Algebraic
• Ex:
• >> simplify((x^2+3*x+2)/(x+2))
Calculations
• ans =
• x+1
 Factor :
• Ex:
 Used to analyze the algebraic equation to
primary factors
• simplify(sin(x)^2+cos(x)^2)  Ex:
• ans =  expand((x+5)*(x^2+4*x+3))
• 1 

 ans =
• expand: 

• Used to dis assemble arcs  x^3 + 9*x^2 + 23*x + 15

• Ex: 

• Syms x  >> factor(ans)

• expand((x+5)*(x^2+4*x+3)) 

• ans =  ans =

• x^3 + 9*x^2 + 23*x + 15
 (x + 3)*(x + 5)*(x + 1)

• Simple:
• This is opposite expand where this command Algebraic
give the simplest image of functions
• Ex:
Calculations
• expand((x+3)^3)
• 1- taylor(f):
• ans = Ex: >> taylor(sin(x))
ans =
•
x^5/120 - x^3/6 + x
• x^3 + 9*x^2 + 27*x + 27
2-taylor(f,n):
• >> simple(ans)
N:number of trials
• ans =
>> taylor(f,7)
• (x + 3)^3
ans =
x^5/120 - x^3/6 + x
• taylor(f)
>> taylor(f,8)
• taylor(f, n)
ans =
• taylor(f, a)
- x^7/5040 + x^5/120 - x^3/6 + x
• taylor(f, n, v)
• taylor(f, n, v, a)
• Taylor:
• 3- taylor(f,a): Algebraic
• Ex: Calculations
• >> syms u x
• >> f=sin(x)
• f=
• sin(x)
• >> taylor(f,u)
• ans =
• sin(u) + (cos(u)*(u - x)^3)/6 - (cos(u)*(u -
x)^5)/120 - (sin(u)*(u - x)^2)/2 + (sin(u)*(u -
x)^4)/24 - cos(u)*(u - x)
• 4- taylor(f,n,v):
• N: number of trials
>> syms x
>> f=sin(x)
• taylor(f,5,0)
• ans =
• x - x^3/6
•
• Limits ::
•
•
limit(expr, x, a)
limit(expr, a)
Algebraic
• limit(expr) Calculations
• limit(expr, x, a, 'left')
• limit(expr, x, a, 'right') >> f2=(x^2*y-4)/(x*y-2)
• >> syms x y
f2 =
• >> f1=(x^2-4)/(x-2)
• f1 =
(x^2*y - 4)/(x*y - 2)
• (x^2 - 4)/(x - 2) >> limit(f2,y,2)
• >> limit(f1) ans =
• ans = (2*x^2 - 4)/(2*x - 2)
• 2
>> limit(f2,x,2)
• >> limit(f1,2)
•
ans =
ans =
• 4 (4*y - 4)/(2*y - 2)
• >> limit(f1,x,2,'left')
ans =
• 4
• >> limit(f1,x,2,'right‘)
• ans =
• 4
• Diff ::  >> f=x^3+2*y*x+9
•
•
Y = diff(X)
Y = diff(X,n)
 Algebraic
• >> syms x y



f=
Calculations
• >> f1=(x^2-4)/(x-2)  x^3 + 2*y*x + 9
• 
>> syms x y
• f1 =  >> diff(f)
>> f1=(x^2-4)/(x-2)
•  f1 =
• (x^2 - 4)/(x - 2)  ans = (x^2 - 4)/(x - 2)
•
 >> int(f1)
• >> diff(f1)  3*x^2 + 2*y ans =
•

• ans = (x*(x + 4))/2
 >> diff(f,y)
• >> int(f1,2,3)

• (2*x)/(x - 2) - (x^2 - 4)/(x - 2)^2 ans =
 ans =
• 9/2

• >> diff(f1,2)
 2*x >> int(f2,y)
•
 >> diff(f,y,2)
• ans =
•
 ans =
•
 ans =
2/(x - 2) - (4*x)/(x - 2)^2 +
(2*(x^2 - 4))/(x - 2)^3 
x*y + (log(x*y - 2)*(2*x -
 0 4))/x
• Root locus:
• rlocus(sys) Algebraic
• rlocus(sys1,sys2,…,sysn) Calculations
• Where f: transfer function
• Ex:
• h=tf([3 4 5],[3 4 5 6])
•
• Transfer function:
• 3 s^2 + 4 s + 5
• -----------------------
• 3 s^3 + 4 s^2 + 5 s + 6
•
• >> rlocus(h)
• Nyquist criteria :
• Nyquist(sys) Algebraic
• Nyquist(sys1,sys2,…,sysn) Calculations
• Ex:
• h=tf([3 4 5],[3 4 5 6])
•
• Transfer function:
• 3 s^2 + 4 s + 5
• -----------------------
• 3 s^3 + 4 s^2 + 5 s + 6
• >> nyquist(h)
• Frequency response:
• bode(sys) Algebraic
• bode(sys1,sys2,…,sysn) Calculations
• Ex:
• h=tf([3 4 5],[3 4 5 6])
•
• Transfer function:
• 3 s^2 + 4 s + 5
• -----------------------
• 3 s^3 + 4 s^2 + 5 s + 6
• >> bode(h)
Solution of Linear Algebraic Equations

6x + 12y + 4z = 70
7x – 2y + 3z = 5
2x + 8y – 9z = 64
>>A = [6,12,4;7,-2,3;2,8,-9];
>>B = [70;5;64];
>>Solution = A\B
Solution =
3
5
-2

The solution is x = 3, y = 5, and z = –2.

Plotting • Syntax
• plot(Y)
• plot(X1,Y1,...,Xn,Yn)
• plot(X1,Y1,LineSpec,...,Xn,Yn,LineSpec)
• plot(X1,Y1,LineSpec,'PropertyName',PropertyV
alue)
• plot(axes_handle,X1,Y1,LineSpec,'PropertyNa
me',PropertyValue)
•h=
plot(X1,Y1,LineSpec,'PropertyName',PropertyV
alue)
Plotting

• 1- plot(Y)
• Ex:
• >> x=[1:10];
• >> y=[10:-1:1];
• >> plot(y)
• >> plot(x,y)
Plotting

• 2- axis's name :
• Xlabel
• Ylabel
• Title
• Ex:
• >> x=[1:10];
• >> y=[10:-1:1];
• >> plot(y)
• >> plot(x,y) >> ylabel('torque')
• >> xlabel('speed')
• >> title('torque speed char.')
Plotting

• 2- plot(x1,y1,…,xn,yn):
• Ex:
• >> x=[1:10];
• >> y=sin(x);
• >> w=[10:10:100];
• >> z=cos(w);
• >> plot(x,y,w,z)
Plotting
• 3- plot(X1,Y1,color of
Line(spec),...,Xn,Yn,colorof Line(Spec))
Ex:
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=[-12:-1:-22];
>> q=sin(x);
>> w=sin(y);
>> plot(x,q,'b',y,w,'m')
G: green
B:blue
K:black
W:white
M:pink
Y:yellow
R:red
Plotting
• 3- plot(X1,Y1,shape of
points(spec),...,Xn,Yn,shape of points(Spec))
Ex:
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=[-12:-1:-22];
>> q=sin(x);
>> w=sin(y);
>> plot(x,q,'b',y,w,'m')
Some shapes you can use them
X, P , > ,< ,O , V , .
, * , H , SR .
Plotting
• 4- plot(X1,Y1,shape of points & line
(spec),...,Xn,Yn,shape of points & line (Spec))
Ex:
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=[-12:-1:-22];
>> q=sin(x);
>> w=sin(y);
>> plot(x,q,'--SR',y,w,'-.*')
Some shapes you can use them
- , -.
Plotting
• 5- plot(X1,Y1,shape &color of points & line
(spec),...,Xn,Yn,shape & color of points & line
(Spec))
Ex:
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=[-12:-1:-22];
>> q=sin(x);
>> w=sin(y);
>> plot(x,q,'*r-.')
Plotting
• 6- figure : the aim of this command is to plot
multi functions in different figures not on the
same figure
Ex:
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=[-12:-1:-22];
>> q=sin(x);
>> w=sin(y);
>> plot(x,q,'*r-.')
>> figure
>> plot(y,w,'pg-.')
Plotting
• 7- subplot(m,n,p):
• The aim of this command is plot a lot
• of functions on the same figure without
overlapping
• M: number of rows
• N:number of columns
• P: number of subplot
Ex:
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=[-12:-1:-22];
>> q=sin(x);
>> w=sin(y);
>> subplot(2,2,2)
>> plot(y,w,'pg-.')
>> subplot(2,2,3)
>> plot(x,q,'*r-.')
Plotting
• 8- axis:
• A- axis(‘auto’) : give auto range for x & y axis
• B- axis(‘equal’): the range of x and y is equal together
• C- axis(‘square’) :give square borders but not same
range
• D-axis(‘off’): hide axis

Ex:
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=[-12:-1:-22];
>> q=sin(x);
>> w=sin(y);
>> plot(x,q,'*r-.')
>> axis('off')
Plotting
Ex:
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=[-12:-1:-22];
>> q=sin(x);
>> w=sin(y);
>> plot(x,q,'*r-.')
>> axis(on')
>> axis('square')
Plotting
Ex:
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=[-12:-1:-22];
>> q=sin(x);
>> w=sin(y);
>> plot(x,q,'*r-.')
>> axis(on')
>> axis(equal')
Plotting
9- grid:
Grid
Grid on
Grid off
This command divide the plot figure
into grids
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=[-12:-1:-22];
>> q=sin(x);
>> w=sin(y);
>> plot(x,q,'*r-.')
>> axis(on')
>> axis(equal')
>> grid on
Plotting
10- loglog:
loglog
Semilogx
Semilogy
This command convert the plot axix
from normal state into log axis
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=1000*exp(x);
>> loglog(x,y)
>> axis(on')
>> grid on
Plotting
11- stem:
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=sin(x);
>> stem(x,y)
Plotting
11- stem:
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=sin(x);
>> stem(x,y,’pb-.’)
Plotting
12- hist:
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=sin(x);
>> stem(y)
Plotting
13- gtext(‘text’):
This command help user to write any
text in any place in figure
>> x=[12:22];
>> y=sin(x);
>> plot(x,y,'pb-.')
>> gtext('night of the light')
Plotting
this symbols used with texts
Plotting
this symbols used with texts
Plotting of functions

14- ezplot:
ezplot(fun,[min,max])
ezplot(fun2)
ezplot(fun2,[xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax])
ezplot(fun2,[min,max])
ezplot(funx,funy)
ezplot(funx,funy,[tmin,tmax])
ezplot(...,figure_handle)
Ex:
>> syms x
>> ezplot('x^2-9')
Plotting of functions

14- ezplot:
>> syms x
>> f=x^2-9
f=
x^2 - 9
>> ezplot(f,[-100 150])

Fun tool
Programming
Section Introduction to M-file
Programming
Section
The MATLAB Command window with the Editor/Debugger
open. Figure 1.4–1
Keep in mind when using script
files:

1. The name of a script file must begin with a letter, and may
include digits and the underscore character, up to 31
characters.

2. Do not give a script file the same name as a variable.

3. Do not give a script file the same name as a MATLAB

command or function. You can check to see if a command,
function or file name already exists by using the exist
command.
Debugging Script Files

Program errors usually fall into one of the

following categories.
1. Syntax errors such as omitting a parenthesis
or comma, or spelling a command name
incorrectly. MATLAB usually detects the
more obvious errors and displays a message
describing the error and its location.
2. Errors due to an incorrect mathematical
procedure, called runtime errors. Their
occurrence often depends on the particular
input data. A common example is division by
zero.
To locate program errors, try the following:

1. Test your program with a simple version of

the problem which can be checked by hand.
2. Display any intermediate calculations by
removing semicolons at the end of
statements.
3. Use the debugging features of the
Editor/Debugger.
Programming Style

1. Comments section
a. The name of the program and any key
words in the first line.
b. The date created, and the creators' names
in the second line.
c. The definitions of the variable names for
every input and output variable. Include
definitions of variables used in the calculations
and units of measurement for all input and all
output variables!
d. The name of every user-defined function
called by the program.
Programming Style (continued)

2. Input section Include input data

and/or the input functions and
comments for documentation.

3. Calculation section

4. Output section This section might

contain functions for displaying the
output on the screen.
Example of a Script File

Problem:

The speed v of a falling object dropped with no initial

velocity is given as a function of time t by v = gt.

Plot v as a function of t for 0 ≤ t ≤ tf, where tf is the final

time entered by the user.
Example of a Script File (continued)

% Program falling_speed.m:
% Plots speed of a falling object.
% Created on March 1, 2004 by W. Palm
%
% Input Variable:
% tf = final time (in seconds)
%
% Output Variables:
% t = array of times at which speed is
% computed (in seconds)
% v = array of speeds (meters/second)
%
Example of a Script File (continued)

% Parameter Value:
g = 9.81; % Acceleration in SI units
%
% Input section:
tf = input(’Enter final time in seconds:’);
%
Example of a Script File (continued)

% Calculation section:
dt = tf/500;
% Create an array of 501 time values.
t = [0:dt:tf];
% Compute speed values.
v = g*t;
%
% Output section:
Plot(t,v),xlabel(’t (s)’),ylabel(’v m/s)’)
Programming
Section
Display(‘text’) or disp(‘text’) >> disp('matlab')
this command used to display
any text on the command matlab
window
You can use this command in
>> x=[12:22];
m-file and command window
>> display(x)
x=

12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19
20 21 22
Programming
Section Ex:
Disp(sprintf(exp)) >> disp(sprintf('%f',x1))
Ex: 66.000000
•x1=66; >> disp(sprintf('%.3f',x1))
•x2=67; 66.000
•disp(sprintf('%c',x1,x2)) Used to specify the numbers of float
•BC points
•* sprintf(‘%c’,exp) or sprintf(‘%s’,exp)
•Display results as string and display numbers in ascii
form
•Ex:
•>> disp(sprintf('%d',x1))
•66
•%display results in decimal form
•Ex:
•>> disp(sprintf('%o',x1))
•102
•Display results in octal form
Programming
Section Ex:
input: >> a=input('a=');
evalResponse = input(prompt) a=9
strResponse = input(prompt, 's') >> b=input('b=');
1- input(prompt):used to enter a number b=68
from users >> c=a+b;
Ex: >> disp(['c=',num2str(c)])
>> r=input('enter number')
c=77
enter number7
>> disp(sprintf('c=%d',c))
r=
c=77
7
input(prompt, 's'): used to enter a string
from users
Ex:
>> str=input('enter your name ','s')
enter your name mohammad
str =
mohammad
Programming
Section
Example
Write a program by using m-file which find the area
and circumference of a circle where users enter the
radius of circle.
Solution:
•% this program find area and circumference of a Exercise : write a
circle program that find the
•r=input('enter the raduis of the circle '); area and
•area=pi*r^2; circumference of
triangle
•circumference=2*pi*r;
•disp(sprintf('area=%f',area))
•disp(sprintf('cicumference=%f',circumference))
•u=[0:360];
•x=r*cosd(u);
•y=r*sind(u);
•plot(x,y)
Example Programming
Section
Write a program by using m-file which find the distance ,velocity
and acceleration of a particle at specific time entered by users
which has the following relationship
D(t)=t^3-6*t^2+5*t-20
Solution:
•%this program find acceleration, distance and velocity of a Exercise : for last
particle program find the
•syms t velocity of the particle
•s=input('enter the time to know distance,velocity, and when the acceleration
acceleration ');
•f=inline(t^3-6*t^2+5*t-20); become zero
•dis=f(s);
•f1=inline(diff(t^3-6*t^2+5*t-20));
•vel=f1(s);
•f2=inline(diff(t^3-6*t^2+5*t-20,2));
•acc=f2(s);
•disp(sprintf('dis=%d',dis))
•disp(sprintf('vel=%d',vel))
•disp(sprintf('acc=%d',acc))
Comparison tools Programming
<: lager than
<=: larger or equal
Section
>:less than
>=: less or equal If statement
==: equal Structure :
~=: not equal If condition
Ex:
Statements
>> x1=9;
End
>> x2=12;
>> x3=(x1==x2)
x3 = Ex:
0 v=input('enter number
>> x4=(x1~=x2) ');
if v==10
disp('true guess')
x4 = end

1
Suppose that we want to compute y such that
15√4x + 10 if x ≥ 9
y = 10x + 10 if 0 ≤ x < 9
10 if x < 0

The following statements will compute y, assuming that the

variable x already has a scalar value.
if x >= 9
y = 15*sqrt(4x) + 10
elseif x >= 0
y = 10*x + 10
else
y = 10
end
Note that the elseif statement does not require a
separate end statement.
If else statements Programming
1- if condition
statements
Section
else
statements Ex:
end %this program change your mark from numbers
into symbols
mark=input('enter your mark in number ');
2- if condition1
if mark>=90
statements
disp(sprintf('mark=%c','A'))
elseif condition2 elseif mark>=80
staements disp(sprintf('mark=%c','B'))
. elseif mark>=70
. disp(sprintf('mark=%c','C'))
. elseif mark>=60
elseif conditionN disp(sprintf('mark=%c','D'))
Statements elseif mark>=50
disp(sprintf('mark=%c','E'))
end else
disp(sprintf('mark=%c','F'))
end
 Logic Gates
 Ex:
• And gate : &  Write a program that let users to enter three values , if
these values equal together then print symmetrical
• Or gate : | values else print different values
• Not : !  %this program check your entered number and tell you
whether no. symetrical
 %or not
 n1=input('enter your first number ');
 n2=input('enter your second number ');
 n3=input('enter your third number ');
 if (n1==n2)&(n2==n3)
 disp('your number is symmetrical ')
 else
 disp('you number is not symmetrical ')
 end
Loops
There are two types of explicit loops in
MATLAB;
 the for loop, used when the number of
passes is known ahead of time, and
 the while loop, used when the looping
process must terminate when a specified
condition is satisfied, and thus the number of
passes is not known in advance.
For loop statement Programming
Structure : Section
For counter=IV:step:FV
Statements
End Ex: write a program that possible for user to
enter their name and rewrite it ten time on
command window
Solution:
 %this program rewrte your name ten times

name=input('enter your name ','s');

for i=1:1:10

 disp(name)

end
A simple example of a for loop is
m = 0;
x(1) = 10;
for k = 2:3:11
m = m+1;
x(m+1) = x(m) + k^2;
end
k takes on the values 2, 5, 8, 11. The variable m
indicates the index of the array x. When the loop
is finished the array x will have the values
x(1)=14,x(2)=39,x(3)=103,x(4)=224.
Example of a for Loop
Write a script file to compute the sum of the first
15 terms in the series 5k2 – 2k, k = 1, 2, 3, …,
15.
total = 0;
for k = 1:15
total = 5*k^2 - 2*k + total;
end
disp(’The sum for 15 terms is:’)
disp(total)
The answer is 5960.
Example of a for Loop

Write a script file to determine how many terms are

required for the sum of the series 5k2 – 2k, k = 1, 2, 3, …
to exceed 10,000. What is the sum for this many terms?

total = 0;k = 0;
while total < 1e+4
k = k + 1;
total = 5*k^2 - 2*k + total;
end
disp(’The number of terms is:’)
disp(k)
disp(’The sum is:’)
disp(total)

The sum is 10,203 after 18 terms.

Switch statement:

Structure: Programming
Section
Switch exp

Case exp1{statements}

.case expn{statements}

Otherwise

Statements Solution:
end
x1=input('enter no. 1 ');

Ex:
x2=input('enter no. 2 ');
Write a program that possible for users to enter three numbers and choose the needed process between of them
where the processes is (/,+,-,/)
x3=input('enter no. 3 ');

disp('1- addition 2- subtraction')

disp('3- multiplication 4- division')

d=input('enter the no. of operation ');

switch d

 case 1

 xt=x1+x2+x3
 case 2

 xt=x1-x2-x3
 case 3

 xt=x1*x2*x3
 case 4

 xt=x1/x2/x3
 otherwise

 disp('you have entered wronge operation number')

end
 Exercises
• 1-write a program that
find the summation of
 2-write a  3- write a
odd and even numbers program that program that
between 0-100 find the find the
squared and
cubic value of
factorial of a
numbers 0-100 number
,save the
squared value
in x and cubic
values in y
 While statement
• Structure  Ex:
• While condition  x=10;
• Statements  syms r
• End  while x~=r
 r=input('enter number');
 end
Example of a while Loop

Determine how long it will take to accumulate at least

$10,000 in a bank account if you deposit $500 initially and
$500 at the end of each year, if the account pays 5
percent annual interest.

amount = 500; k=0;

while amount < 10000
k = k+1;
amount = amount*1.05 + 500;
end
amount
k

The final results are amount = 1.0789e+004, or $10,789,

and k = 14, or 14 years.
A simple example of a while loop is
x = 5;k = 0;
while x < 25
k = k + 1;
y(k) = 3*x;
x = 2*x-1;
end
The loop variable x is initially assigned the value 5, and it
keeps this value until the statement x = 2*x - 1 is
encountered the first time. Its value then changes to 9.
Before each pass through the loop, x is checked to see if
its value is less than 25. If so, the pass is made. If not, the
loop is skipped.
 Examples:  %this program find the type of number primary or not
 d=0;
• Write a program  n=input('enter number to tell ypu whether it primary or not ');
to find the type  if (n<2)
of number  disp('you entered number less than 2')
primary or not  else
 for i=2:n-1
 r=rem(n,i);
 if r==0
 d=d+1;
 end
 end
 end
 if d>0
 disp('your number is not primary')
 else
 disp('your number is primary')
 end
 Examples
• Write a program that  %this program find the average of your marks
let user to enter n
 n=input('enter the number of marks ');
number of marks
then you find the  x=zeros(1,n);
average of these
 for i=1:n
marks
x(i)=input(sprintf('enter mark number%d ',i));
 end

 av=mean(x);

 disp(sprintf('your average is%f ',av))

 Examples
• Write a program
that let the user to
enter the elements
of specific array %this program let users to enter the elements of the
specific array
n=input('enter the size of your square matrix ');
x=zeros(n);
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
x(i,j)=input(sprintf('enter element %d\t%d ',i,j));
end
end
disp('your matrix is ')
x
 Examples:
 %this program convert the minus numbers into
• Write a program that positive number
convert the minus number  n=input('enter the number of elements of your vector
inside vector ,where user
');
enter the elements of
vector
 x=zeros(1,n);
 for i=1:n
 x(i)=input(sprintf('enter element number%d\n',i));
 if x(i)<0
 x(i)=abs(x(i));
 end
 end
 disp('your vector is')
 x
Functions

• Syntax
• function [ output_args ] = Untitled( input_args )
• End

• The aim of functions is to design any function which

is not available in matlab or any function belong any
new subject
 Example of function
• Compose a function that  function fact = factorial( x )
find the factorial  fact=1;
 if x>0
 for i=1:x;
 fact=fact*i;
 end
 else
 disp('number less than 1 ');
 end
 end
Exercises

• 1- write a program which find the root of equation using newton

rafson
• 2- write a program that find the result of finite integral using simpson
rule
• 3- find the root of equation using float point method
System, Directory, and File Commands Table 1.3–2

Command Description
addpath dirname Adds the directory
dirname to the search
path.
cd dirname Changes the current
directory to dirname.
dir Lists all files in the current
directory.
dir dirname Lists all the files in the
directory dirname.
path Displays the MATLAB
search path.
pathtool Starts the Set Path tool.
System, Directory, and File Commands Table 1.3–2
(continued)
Command Description

pwd Displays the current directory.

rmpath dirname Removes the directory dirname from

the search path.

what Lists the MATLAB-specific files found in

the current working directory. Most
data files and other non-MATLAB files
are not listed. Use dir to get a list of all
files.
what dirname Lists the MATLAB-specific files in
directory dirname.
Getting Help

• Throughout each chapter margin notes identify where key

terms are introduced.
• Each chapter contains tables summarizing the MATLAB
commands introduced in that chapter.
• At the end of each chapter is a summary guide to the
commands covered in that chapter.
• Appendix A contains tables of MATLAB commands, grouped
by category, with the appropriate page references.
• There are three indexes. The first lists MATLAB commands
and symbols, the second lists Simulink blocks, and the third
lists topics.
The Help Navigator contains four tabs:

• Contents: a contents listing tab,

• Index: a global index tab,
• Search: a search tab having a find function and full
text search features, and
• Demos: a bookmarking tab to start built-in
demonstrations.
The MATLAB Help Browser. Figure 1.5–1
Help Functions

• help funcname: Displays in the Command

window a description of the specified function
funcname.
• lookfor topic: Displays in the Command
window a brief description for all functions whose
description includes the specified key word topic.
• doc funcname: Opens the Help Browser to the
reference page for the specified function
funcname, providing a description, additional
remarks, and examples.
The find Function
find(x) computes an array containing the indices of the
nonzero elements of the numeric array x. For example

>>x = [-2, 0, 4];

>>y = find(x)
Y =
1 3

The resulting array y = [1, 3] indicates that the first

and third elements of x are nonzero.
Note the difference between the result obtained by
x(x<y) and the result obtained by find(x<y).

>>x = [6,3,9,11];y = [14,2,9,13];

>>values = x(x<y)
values =
6 11
>>how_many = length(values)
how_many =
2
>>indices = find(x<y)
indices =
1 4
Steps in engineering problem solving Table 1.7–1

1. Understand the purpose of the problem.

2. Collect the known information. Realize that some of it
might later be found unnecessary.
3. Determine what information you must find.
4. Simplify the problem only enough to obtain the required
information. State any assumptions you make.
5. Draw a sketch and label any necessary variables.
6. Determine which fundamental principles are applicable.
7. Think generally about your proposed solution approach
and consider other approaches before proceeding with
the details.
Steps in engineering problem solving Table 1.7–1
(continued)

8. Label each step in the solution process. Understand the

purpose of the problem

9. If you solve the problem with a program, hand check the

results using a simple version of the problem.

Checking the dimensions and units and printing the results

of intermediate steps in the calculation sequence can
uncover mistakes.
Steps in engineering problem solving Table 1.7–1
(continued)

10. Perform a “reality check” on your answer. Does it make

sense? Estimate the range of the expected result and
compare it with your answer. Do not state the answer with
greater precision than is justified by any of the following:
(a) The precision of the given information.
(b) The simplifying assumptions.
(c) The requirements of the problem.
Interpret the mathematics. If the mathematics produces
multiple answers, do not discard some of them without
considering what they mean. The mathematics might be
trying to tell you something, and you might miss an
opportunity to discover more about the problem.
Steps for developing a computer solution Table 1.7–2

1. State the problem concisely.

2. Specify the data to be used by the program. This is the
“input.”
3. Specify the information to be generated by the program.
This is the “output.”
4. Work through the solution steps by hand or with a
calculator; use a simpler set of data if necessary.
5. Write and run the program.
6. Check the output of the program with your hand solution.
7. Run the program with your input data and perform a reality
check on the output.
8. If you will use the program as a general tool in the future,
test it by running it for a range of reasonable data values;
perform a reality check on the results.