Emerging Trends In Computer

And Information Technology

(ETI---22618)
 Course Outcome
Describe Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning
1

Interpret IoT Concept

2

Compare Models Of Digital Forensic Investigation

3

Describe Evidence Handling Procedure

4

Describe Ethical Hacking Process

5

Detect Network, Operating System and Applications Vulnerabilities

6
 UNIT NO. 1

ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
 Concept Of AI

 Artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital

computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks
commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is
frequently applied to the project of developing systems
equipped with the intellectual processes characteristic of
humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning,
generalize, or learn from past experience
 Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer or a
robot controlled by a computer to do tasks that are usually
done by humans because they require human intelligence .

 Scope of AI

 The ultimate goal of artificial intelligence is to create

computer programs that can solve problems and
achieve goals like humans world. There is scope in
developing machines in robotics, computer vision,
language detection machine, game playing, expert
systems, speech recognition machine and much more.
The following factors characterize a career in artificial
intelligence:
 Automation
 Robotics
 The use of sophisticated computer software
 Components of AI

The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of −

 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Language learning
 Artificial Intelligence mainly focuses on certain components
to make the best decision. Research in Artificial Intelligence
is revolved around the learning, problem-solving, perception,
reasoning, and understanding the language.
 Learning
 An intelligent system is designed to learn based on the hit &
trial methods. The system may use multiple algorithms to
achieve the best result. For example, a simple program might
try multiple or a random move to achieve the checkmate, and
once it gets succeeded, it saves the data for future use and
implements if a similar situation occurs.
 Reasoning
 Reasoning helps the system to generate the conclusion

from the knowledge using logical techniques and plays

an important factor in the knowledge-based systems.
 The system can use multiple types of reasoning to

generate the final result, such as Rule engine, Logic

Programs, Constraints Solver, Machine Learning
System. The hardest problem in the AI is to give the
ability to distinguish between the relevant & irrelevant.
 Problem Solving
 Any system can encounter the problem due to bugs or

due to an unknown request. The huge and multiple

varieties of problems are addressed to the AI. The
problem solving can be categorized in the two segment
special purposes and general purposes.
The general purposes of problem-solving are applicable
for the wide variety of problems whereas special
purposes are tailor made and developed for the
particular problems.
 Language Learning
 It is the ability of the machine to understand

and interpret the human language. The

objective is to make the AI understand
human language. Tools like Google
Assistance, Siri, Chatbots uses these
components effectively to provide a better
user experience.
Types of AI
AI type-1: Based on Capabilities
 1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a

dedicated task with intelligence.The most common and

currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of
Artificial Intelligence.
 IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow

AI, as it uses an Expert system approach combined with

Machine learning and natural language processing.
 Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess,

purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site, self-driving

cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
2. General AI:
 General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any
intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
 The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could
be smarter and think like a human by its own.
 Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under
general AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human.
3. Super AI:
 Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which

machines could surpass human intelligence, and can

perform any task better than human with cognitive
properties. It is an outcome of general AI.
 Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability

include the ability to think, to reason,solve the puzzle,

make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial

Intelligence. Development of such systems in real is still

world changing task.
Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality
1. Reactive Machines
 Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of

Artificial Intelligence.
 Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences

for future actions.

 These machines only focus on current scenarios and react

on it as per possible best action.

 IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive

machines.
 Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
2. Limited Memory
 Limited memory machines can store past experiences

or some data for a short period of time.

 These machines can use stored data for a limited time

period only.
 Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of

Limited Memory systems. These cars can store recent

speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed
limit, and other information to navigate the road.
3. Theory of Mind
 Theory of Mind AI should understand the human

emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact

socially like humans.
 This type of AI machines are still not developed, but

researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement

for developing such AI machines.
4. Self-Awareness
 Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial

Intelligence. These machines will be super intelligent,

and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and
self-awareness.
 These machines will be smarter than human mind.
 Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is

a hypothetical concept.
Applications of AI
Machine Learning
Machine Learning allows the systems
to make decisions
autonomously without any external support.

These decisions are made when the machine is

able to learn from
the data and understand the underlying
patterns that are contained within it.

Then, through pattern matching and further

analysis, they return the outcome which can
be a classification or a prediction.
The term Machine Learning was coined by
Arthur Samuel in 1959,
 Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence
(AI) that provides systems the ability to automatically learn
and improve from experience without being explicitly
programmed.
Or
 Machine Learning is the field of study that gives computers
the capability to learn without being explicitly programmed.
 Machine learning focuses on the development of computer
programs that can access data and use it learn for themselves.
 Machine learning is a tool for turning information into
knowledge.
Supervised Learning
 Supervised Learning is the most popular paradigm for
performing machine learning operations. It is widely
used for data where there is a
precise mapping between input-output data.
 The dataset, in this case, is labeled, meaning that the
algorithm identifies the features
explicitly and carries out
predictions or classification accordingly.
 As the training period progresses, the algorithm is able
to identify the relationships between the two
variables such that we can predict a new outcome.
Unsupervised Learning
 In the case of an unsupervised learning algorithm, the

data is not explicitly labeled into different classes,

that is, there are no labels. The model is able to learn
from the data by finding implicit patterns.
 Unsupervised Learning algorithms identify the data

based on their densities, structures, similar segments,

and other similar features.
 Reinforcement Learning covers more area of
Artificial Intelligence which allows machines to
interact with their dynamic environment in order to
reach their goals. With this, machines and software
agents are able to evaluate the ideal behavior in
a specific context.
 With the help of this reward feedback, agents are able

to learn the behavior and improve it in the longer run.

This simple feedback reward is known as
a reinforcement signal.
Types of Data
 Deep Learning
 Deep learning is a machine learning technique that
teaches computers to do what comes naturally to
humans
 Deep learning is a machine learning technique that

teaches a computer to filter inputs (observations in the

form of images, text, or sound) through layers in order
to learn how to predict and classify information.
 Deep learning is inspired by the way that the human

brain filters information.

 The data present in Deep learning is labeled data.
Examples of Deep Learning at Work

 Automated Driving
 Aerospace and Defense
 Medical Research
 Industrial Automation
 Electronics
Watch
 https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSE4M0gcmvE

 https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-s9ilkMVj8