ENEL 280 – Electrical Circuits

DEVELOP TOOLS FOR THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

BASIC LINEAR ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
 What is an electrical circuit?
• An electrical circuit is an interconnection of
electrical components, each of which can be
described with a mathematical model.
– A mathematical model allows for the creation of
design and analysis tools to help facilitate
understanding of a physical electrical circuit.
– The methodology can be extended to other
physical systems.

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 Why are we learning this?
• Electrical systems are used in many industries,
such as:
• Power Generation & Distribution
• Oil and Gas Industry
• Agriculture
• Chemical Industry
• Steel Industry
• Pulp and Paper Industry
• Etc
• Understanding electrical systems is a fundamental
requirement for engineers
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 Course Description
• DC circuits, Kirchhoff's voltage and current
laws, equivalent circuits, node and mesh
analysis, power transfer and Thevenin
equivalent circuits. RL & RC First order
response characteristics.
• AC circuit analysis, impedance, real and
reactive power, power factor. Introduction to
electrical devices and machines and electrical
safety.
Pre-requisites: Math 111 4
A FEW WORDS ABOUT ANALYSIS
USING MATHEMATICAL MODELS
BASIC STRATEGY USED IN ANALYSIS
 THE MATHEMATICS CLASSES - LINEAR ALGEBRA,
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS- PROVIDE THE TOOLS
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS TO SOLVE THE MATHEMATICAL MODELS
DEVELOP A SET OF MATHEMATICAL
EQUATIONS THAT REPRESENT THE CIRCUIT FOR THE FIRST PART, WE WILL BE EXPECTED
- A MATEMATICAL MODEL - TO SOLVE SYSTEMS OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

LEARN HOW TO SOLVE THE MODEL TO 12V1  9V2  4V3 8

DETERMINE HOW THE CIRCUIT WILL BEHAVE
N A GIVEN SITUATION
 4V1  16V2  V3 0
 2V1  4V2  6V3 20
THIS COURSE TEACHES THE BASIC TECHNIQUES
TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR LATER THE MODELS WILL BE DIFFERENTIAL
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS EQUATIONS OF THE FORM

THE MODELS THAT WILL BE DEVELOPED HAVE

NICE MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES. 𝑑𝑦
IN PARTICULAR, THEY WILL BE LINEAR WHICH
3 + 𝑦= 𝑓
MEANS THAT THEY SATISFY THE PRINCIPLE OF
SUPERPOSITION. 𝑑𝑡
Model
y Tu
Principle of Superposition
T ( 1 u1   2 u2 )  1T ( u1 )   2T ( u2 )
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT IS AN INTERCONNECTION OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

2 T ERM IN ALS C O M PO N EN T
a b
ch aracteriz ed b y th e NO DE
cu rren t th ro u g h it an d
th e vo ltag e d iff eren ce
b etw een term in als
NO DE

L The concept of node is extremely

TYPICAL LINEARimportant.
R1 CIRCUIT We must learn to identify a node
 in any shape or form
R2 vO
vS +
- 
C
 BASIC CONCEPTS
LEARNING GOALS

• System of Units: The SI standard system; prefixes

• Basic Quantities: Charge, current, voltage, power and energ

• Circuit Elements: Active and Passive

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SI DERIVED BASIC ELECTRICAL UNITS
 Basic Quantities
• Charge
– Represented by q(t) or Q (lowercase designates time dependency)
– Unit is Coulombs

 Bipolar (+ve and –ve)

 Discrete
 Electrical effects are due to the separation of charge and charges in
motion
1 COULOMB 6.28 1018 (e)
(e) IS THE CHARGE OF ONE ELECTRON

14
 Basic Quantities
• Current
– Represented by i(t) or I
– Unit is Amperes or Amps
– Motion of charged particles creates current

𝑸
𝑰=
𝒕

ONE AMPERE OF CURRENT CARRIES ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE PER SECOND.

C
A
s

15
 Basic Quantities
• Voltage
– Represented by v(t) or V
– Unit is Volts
– Separation of charge creates an electromotive force
𝑾
𝑽=
𝑸

VOLT IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER CHARGE.

TWO POINTS HAVE A VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE OF ONE VOLT IF ONE COULOMB OF
CHARGE
GAINS ONE JOULE OF ENERGY WHEN IT IS MOVED FROM ONE POINT TO THE
OTHER. J
V
C
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 Basic Quantities
• Resistance
– Represented by R
– Unit is Ohms or Ω

𝑉
𝑹=
𝑰

OHM IS A MEASURE OF THE RESISTANCE TO THE FLOW OF CHARGE.

THERE IS ONE OHM OF RESISTENCE IF ONE VOLT OF ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE IS
REQUIRED
TO DRIVE THROUGH ONE AMPERE OF CURRENT.
V

A

17
 Basic Quantities
• Power
– Represented by P
– Unit is Watts

𝑷 =𝑉 × 𝑰

ONE WATT OF POWER IS REQUIRED TO DRIVE ONE AMPERE OF CURRENT AGAINST AN

ELECTROMOTIVE DIFFERENCE OF ONE VOLT.

W V A

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 Basic Quantities
• Work or Energy
– Represented by w(t) or W
– Unit is Joule (J, kWatt-hour or
kWh)
– 1 J = 1 Nm

19
 Mathematic models
V1
• Voltage:
12 v dc
• Current: I1

• Resistance: 2Adc
R1

• Power:
• Energy:

20
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RANGES
 What is the meaning of a negative value for
q(t)?
  PROBLEM SOLVING TIP
IF THE CHARGE IS GIVEN, DETERMINE THE CURRENT BY
DIFFERENTIATION.
 IF THE CURRENT IS KNOWN, DETERMINE THE CHARGE BY
 INTEGRATION.

A PHYSICAL ANALOGY THAT HELPS VISUALIZE ELECTRIC

q(t ) CURRENTS IS THAT OF WATER FLOW.
CHARGES ARE VISUALIZED AS WATER PARTICLES.
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE

q (t ) 4 10 3 sin(120 t )[C ]  0 t 0

i (t )   2 t
  i (t ) 4 10 3 120 cos(120 t ) [ A] e mA t 0
 FIND THE CHARGE THAT PASSES
DURING IN THE INTERVAL 0<t<1
 𝑖(𝑡)=0.480𝜋cos(¿120𝜋𝑡)[𝐴]¿ 1
 2x 1 1
1
1
q e dx  e  2 x  e  2  ( e 0 )
q(t ) 0 2 0 2 2
1
q  (1  e  2 ) Units?
2
FIND THE CHARGE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME
t t
q (t )  i ( x )dx  e  2 x dx
 

t 0  q (t ) 0
t
1
t  0  q (t ) e  2 x dx  (1  e  2 t )
0 2
And the units for the
charge?...
 DETERMINE THE Charge(pC)
CURRENT  10 10 12  10 10 12 C 9
m 3
 10 10 (C / s )
Here we are given the 2 10  0 s
charge flow as 30
function 20
of time
10

 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time(ms)

Current(nA
)
To determine current 40
we
must take derivatives. 30
PAY ATTENTION TO 20
UNITS
10

 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time(ms)
 20
 CONVENTION FOR CURRENTS THE DOUBLE INDEX
NOTATION
IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY TO INDICATE IF THE INITIAL AND TERMINAL NODE ARE
THE DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT OF CHARGED LABELED, ONE CAN INDICATE THEM AS
PARTICLES. SUBINDICES FOR THE CURRENT NAME.

THE UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED CONVENTION IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IS THAT CURRENT IS a 5A I ab 5 A
b
A FLOW OF POSITIVE CHARGES.
WE INDICATE THE DIRECTION OF FLOW FOR
POSITIVE CHARGES.
-THE REFERENCE DIRECTION-

A POSITIVE VALUE FOR

a 3A b a  3A b
THE CURRENT INDICATES
FLOW IN THE DIRECTION I ab 3 A I ab  3 A
OF THE ARROW (THE
REFERENCE DIRECTION).

A NEGATIVE VALUE FOR

a  3A b a 3A b
THE CURRENT INDICATES I ba  3 A I ba 3 A
FLOW IN THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION THAN THE
REFERENCE DIRECTION. POSITIVE CHARGES POSITIVE CHARGES
FLOW LEFT-RIGHT FLOW RIGHT-LEFT

I ab  I ba
 a I  2 A
I cb 4 A
2A
I ab 
I
b c
3A

This example illustrates the various ways

in which the current notation can be used
 CONVENTIONS FOR VOLTAGES
ONE DEFINITION FOR VOLT:
TWO POINTS HAVE A VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL OF
ONE VOLT IF ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE GAINS
(OR LOSES) ONE JOULE OF ENERGY WHEN IT
MOVES FROM ONE POINT TO THE OTHER.
b IF THE CHARGE GAINS
ENERGY MOVING FROM
a TO b, THEN b HAS A
HIGHER
VOLTAGE THAN a.
IF IT LOSES ENERGY,
 a THEN
1C b HAS LOWER VOLTAGE
THAN a.
DIMENSIONALLY, VOLT IS A DERIVED
UNIT
JOULE Nm
VOLT  
COULOMB A  s
OLTAGE IS ALWAYS MEASURED IN A RELATIVE FORM AS THE VOLTAGE DIFFERENC
ETWEEN TWO POINTS

IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT OUR NOTATION ALLOWS US TO DETERMINE WHICH

POINT
HAS THE HIGHER VOLTAGE
 THE + AND - SIGNS
DEFINE THE REFERENCE
POLARITY

V IF THE NUMBER V IS POSITIVE, POINT A

HAS V
VOLTS MORE THAN POINT B.
IF THE NUMBER V IS NEGATIVE, POINT A
HAS
|V| LESS THAN POINT B.

POINT A HAS 2V MORE POINT A HAS 5V LESS

THAN POINT B THAN POINT B
 THE TWO-INDEX NOTATION FOR
VOLTAGES
INSTEAD OF SHOWING THE REFERENCE POLARITY,
WE AGREE THAT THE FIRST SUBINDEX DENOTES
THE POINT WITH POSITIVE REFERENCE POLARITY.

V AB 2V

V AB  VBA
V AB  5V VBA 5V
 ENERGY
VOLTAGE IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER UNIT CHARGE…
CHARGES MOVING BETWEEN POINTS WITH DIFFERENT VOLTAGE ABSORB OR
RELEASE ENERGY – THEY MAY TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER

Converts energy stored in the

BASIC FLASHLIGHT battery to thermal energy in
the lamp filament which turns
incandescent and glows

The battery supplies energy to

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
charges. The lamp absorbs
energy from charges. The net
effect is an energy transfer.

Charges gain Charges supply

energy here Energy here
ENERGY
VOLTAGE IS A MEASURE OF ENERGY PER UNIT CHARGE…
CHARGES MOVING BETWEEN POINTS WITH DIFFERENT VOLTAGE ABSORB OR
RELEASE ENERGY

WHAT ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO MOVE 120[C] FROM

POINT B TO POINT A IN THE CIRCUIT?

THE CHARGES MOVE TO A POINT WITH HIGHER

VOLTAGE - THEY GAINED (OR ABSORBED) ENERGY
THE CIRCUIT SUPPLIED ENERGY TO THE CHARGES

V AB 2V

W
V   W VQ 240 J
Q
 THE VOLTAGE
DIFFERENCE
IS 5V

WHICH POINT
HAS THE HIGHER
VOLTAGE?

5V V AB 5V

EXAMPLE ENERGY AND POWER
A CAMCORDER BATTERY PLATE CLAIMS THAT
THE UNIT STORES 2700mAHr AT 7.2V.
WHAT IS THE TOTAL CHARGE AND ENERGY 2[C/s] PASS
STORED? THROUGH
THE ELEMENT
CHARGE
THE NOTATION 2700mAHr INDICATES
THAT
THE UNIT CAN DELIVER 2700mA FOR
ONE
FULL HOUR
C s
Q 2700 10 3   3600 1Hr
 S Hr
EACH COULOMB OF CHARGE LOSES 3[J]
3
9.72 10 [C ] OR SUPPLIES 3[J] OF ENERGY TO THE
ELEMENT
TOTAL ENERGY STORED THE ELEMENT RECEIVES ENERGY AT A
THE CHARGES ARE MOVED THROUGH A 7.2V RATE OF 6[J/s]
VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL
THE ELECTRIC POWER RECEIVED BY THE
J ELEMENT IS 6[W]
W Q[C ] V   9.72 103 7.2[ J ] t2
C IN GENERAL
w (t 2 , t1 ) p( x )dx
6.998 104 [ J ] P VI t1

HOW DO WE RECOGNIZE IF AN ELEMENT

SUPPLIES OR RECEIVES POWER?
 PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
THIS IS THE REFERENCE FOR POLARITY
POWER RECEIVED IS POSITIVE WHILE POWER
SUPPLIED IS CONSIDERED NEGATIVE  

 Vab  P Vab I ab a b
IF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT abI
a ARE BOTH POSITIVE, THE
b
CHARGES MOVE FROM IF THE REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURRENT
I
ab
HIGH TO LOW VOLTAGE IS GIVEN
AND THE COMPONENT
RECEIVES ENERGY -- IT IS
A PASSIVE ELEMENT
EXAMPLE
A CONSEQUENCE OF THIS CONVENTION IS THAT
HE REFERENCE DIRECTIONS FOR CURRENT AND  Vab  2A
VOLTAGE ARE NOT INDEPENDENT -- IF WE
ASSUME PASSIVE ELEMENTS a b
I ab
Vab  10V
GIVEN THE REFERENCE POLARITY
THE ELEMENT RECEIVES 20W OF POWER.
 Vab  WHAT IS THE CURRENT?
SELECT REFERENCE DIRECTION BASED ON
PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
a b 20[W ] Vab I ab ( 10V ) I ab
REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURRENT I ab  2[ A]
 UNDERSTANDING PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
We must examine the voltage across the component
and the current through it

I
A A’

 PS1 V AB I AB
S1 V S2 PS 2 V A'B ' I A'B '
B B’


Current A - A'
Voltage(V) S1 S2
ONS1 ONS2
positive positive supplies receives VAB  0, I AB  0 VA B  0, I A B  0
' ' ' '

positive negative receives supplies

ON S2
negative positive receives supplies V A'B '  0, I A'B '  0
negative negative supplies receives
CHARGES RECEIVE ENERGY. CHARGES LOSE ENERGY.
THIS BATTERY SUPPLIES ENERGY. THIS BATTERY RECEIVES THE ENERGY.

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF THE CONNECTIONS ARE REVERSED

IN ONE OF THE BATTERIES?
DETERMINE WHETHER THE ELEMENTS ARE SUPPLYING OR RECEIVING POWER
AND HOW MUCH

a a
I ab 4 A Vab 2V
 2A

Vab  2V I ab  2 A

P  8W SUPPLIES POWER b P  4W ABSORBS POWER b

WHEN IN DOUBT LABEL THE

TERMINALS
OF THE COMPONENT
 WHEN IN DOUBT LABEL THE
TERMINALS
OF THE COMPONENT

1 1

2 2

V12 12V , I12  4 A V12 4V , I12 2 A

P12  48W P12 8W
 I  8[ A]

 

V AB  4[V ]  

 20[W ] V AB (5 A) 40[W ] ( 5V ) I

SELECT VOLTAGE REFERENCE POLARITY
BASED ON CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION
 V1  20[V ]  2A I  5[ A]

40[W ] V1 ( 2 A)  50[W ] (10[V ]) I

SELECT CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION

BASED ON VOLTAGE REFERENCE POLARITY

WHICH TERMINAL HAS HIGHER VOLTAGE AND WHAT IS THE CURRENT FLOW DIRECTION?
 COMPUTE POWER ABDORBED OR SUPPLIED BY EACH ELEMENT

P1 (6V )(2 A)

2 A  6V  P1 = 12W
P2 = 36W
  P3 = -48W
1
24V +
- 3 2 18V
P2 (18V )(2 A)
 2A 
P3 (24V )( 2 A) ( 24V )(2 A)

IMPORTANT: NOTICE THE POWER BALANCE IN THE CIRCUIT

 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

PASSIVE ELEMENTS

VOLTAGE
DEPENDENT
SOURCES

UNITSFOR  , g , r ,  ?
INDEPENDENT SOURCES

CURRENT
DEPENDENT
SOURCES
EXERCISES WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES

FIND VO VO 40[V ] FIND I O I O 50mA

DETERMINE THE POWER SUPPLIED BY THE DEPENDENT SOURCES

40[V ]

P (40[V ])( 2[ A])  80[W ] P ( 10[V ])(4 4[ A])  160[W ]

TAKE VOLTAGE POLARITY REFERENCE TAKE CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION

DETERMINE THE POWER ABSORBED OR SUPPLIED BY EACH
ELEMENT

P1 (16V )(1A) 16[W ]

P2 (4V )(1A) 4[W ]
P3 (12V )(1A) 12[W ]
P4 (8V )( 2 A) 16[W ]
P12V (12V )( 2 A) 24[W ]
P24V ( 24V )(3 A)  72[W ]

NOTICE THE POWER BALANCE

USE POWER BALANCE TO COMPUTE Io

 12W

(6)( I O ) (12)(  9)

(10)( 3) (4)(  8) (8 2)(11)

POWER BALANCE

I O 1[ A]