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4 - Integumentary System (Edited Ver.)

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7 views

4 - Integumentary System (Edited Ver.)

Uploaded by

albiolmark
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM
The Integumentary
System

 The largest body system


 Includes the skin and accessory
structures like the hair, nails, and
glands
 Function: Protection of body
structures and regulation of body
temperature
The Skin as first line protection
 The skin seals
off the body
from the
immediate
environment
 There are
three layers of
the skin:
epidermis,
dermis, &
the
hypodermis
EPIDERMIS

 The outermost layer with stratified


squamos epithelium
 Varies in thickness depending on
the body part
 Thinnest in the eyelids and thickest
in the soles and palms
 Made of packed epithelial cells
LAYERS OF
EPIDERMIS

DEEP TO
SUPERFICIAL

1. S. BASALE
2. S. SPINOSUM
3. S.
GRANULOSUM
4. S. LUCIDUM
5. S. CORNEUM
STRATUM CORNEUM
 The outermost layer is the
stratum corneum
keratinocytes
 A cell that manufactures and
stores the protein “keratin”
 Keratin: intracellular fibrous protein
that gives hair, nails and skin their
hardness and water resistant
particles.
 15-30 LAYERS OF KERATIN
 Layer that is exposed to the
Stratum Basale
 The stratum basale is the layer
which regenerates/replaces new skin
cells
Two important cell types:
1. Merker cell: function as a receptor
and responsible for stimulating
sensory nerves that the brain
perceive as touch
2. Melanocytes: a cell that produce
the skin pigment melanin that:
gives the hair and skin its normal
color, and protects the epidermis
Stratum Spinosum
 Composed of 8-10 layers of
keratinocytes
 Interspersed in between these
layers are dendritic cells called:
 Langerhans cells: functions as
macrophage by engulfing bacteria,
foreign particles and damaged
cells that occur in this layer.
Stratum Granulosum
 Gives the skin a grainy appearance
 Due to the following proteins:

1. Keratin in large amount

2. Keratohyalin
Stratum Lucidum
 Translucent thin layer of epidermis
that can be found in the thick skin
of:
1. Palms

2. Soles of the feet

3. Digits

These cells are packed with


“eleiden” – a clear protein rich in
lipids which give these cells
transparent appearance and barrier
The Skin layers: DERMIS
 The second layer- cutis vera
 Is flexible and elastic
 Two layers- papillary and
reticular
 Contains blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels, nerves
and appendages
The Skin layers: DERMIS
 Made up of dense connective
tissues
 collagen (gives its strength)
 elastin (gives its flexibility) and
 reticular fibers (connect collagen
and elastin)
Deterioration of elastin fibers
losses skin elasticity
 Houses the following:
 Blood vessels
 Lymp vessels
 Hair follicles
 Sweat glands
DERMIS

 Made up of two layers of


connective tissue:
1. Papillary layer: contains

a. Phagocytes: defensive
cells that helps fight
bacteria or other
infections that have
breach the skin
b. Meissner corpuscles:
made up of lymphatic
capillaries, nerve fibers
and touch receptors
2. Reticular Layer:
 well vascularized layer

 with rich sensory and sympathetic

nerve supply
 Reticulated by a tight meshwork of

fibers called:
 ELASTIN FIBERS: provides elasticity

to the skin and allows some


movement
 Collagen Fibers: provides

structure tensile strength to the


skin, binds water to keep the skin
The Skin layers:
Hypodermis
 This is the subcutaneous
tissue
 Not strictly a part of the skin

 Functions to insulate the

body to conserve heat


Hypodermis
 Serves as the energy
storage and mechanical
shock absorber, fat storage
 With little vascular supply

and scant nerve supply


The colour of the skin is influenced
by a number of pigments:

 Melanin: most influential


 Carotene
 Hemoglobin
 Melanin is produced by the cell
called melanocytes which are
found scattered throughout the
stratum basale of the epidermis
 Melanin is transferred into

keratinocytes via a cellular vehicle


called melanosome
 Melanin occurs in two primary

forms:
1. Eumelanin exist as black and
brown
2. Pheomelanin provides the red
 Dark skin individuals produce more
melanin than those with pale skin
 Exposure to UV rays of the sun
causes melanin to be
manufactured and build up in
keratinocytes as sun exposure
stimulates keratinocytes to
produce more melanocytes
 The accumulation of melanin in
keratinocytes results in the
darkening of the skin
Skin as temperature
regulator
 Abundant nerves, blood
vessels and glands are within
the skin’s deeper layer
 They aid in temperature

regulation
 Blood vessels constrict or

dilate depending on the


temperature
Skin functions
 Sweat glands produce sweat to
control temperature by
evaporation
 The piloerecror (arrector pili)
muscles will contract to raise the
hairs to trap the heat
Other skin functions
 Vitamin D synthesis
 7-dehydrocholesterolCholecalciferol
(D3)
 Route of excretion
 Insensible fluid loss of about 500

ml/day
 Sweat contains water,

electrolytes, urea and lactic acid


Other skin functions
 Skin and mucus membrane are the
first line defense of the body in
immunity
 Skin has receptors for pain, cold,
pressure and heat.
Accessory Structures

 It includes:
1. Hair

2. Nails

3. Sweat Glands

4. Sebacious Glands
The Skin
appendages

 Hairs- keratinous
filament growing out
of the epidermis.
Primarily made up of
dead keratinized cells.

 Strands of hair
originate in the
epidermal penetration
of the dermis called
hair follicle
 Hair growth begins with production of
keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair
bulb
 As the new cells are deposited in the hair bulb,
the hair shaft is push to the follicle towards the
surface
 Keratinization is completed as the cells are
pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of
hair that is externally visible.
 The external hair is completely dead and
composed entirely of keratin. For this reason,
our hair does not have sensation.
 Furthermore, you can cut your hair or shave
without damaging the hair structure because
the cut is superficial.
Hair Color
 Similar with the skin, the color of
the hair is influenced by melanin
produce by melanocytes in the hair
papillae.
 Different hair color results from
differences in melanin which is
genetically determine
 As person age, melanin decrease
in production tending the hair to
become white or gray
NAILS
 Nails-flattened
structure of
specialized type of
keratinized surface.
The visible part is the
nail body.
 In addition, the nail
body forms a back-
support for picking up
small objects with the
fingers.
 The nail body is
composed of densely
packed dead
keratinocytes
 The nail fold that
meets the proximal
end of the nail body
forms the nail
cuticles, also called
Fig. 5.5
 Sweat glands or sudoriferous
glands- when the body becomes
warm, secrete sweat to cool the
body, found in all body parts
except in the nipples
 Two types exist- Eccrine &
Apocrine
Eccrine sweat
glands

 Type of glands that


produces hypotonic
sweat for
thermoregulation.
Abundantly found
in:
 Palms of the hand
 Soles of the feet
 Forehead
Apocrine
 Is usually associated with hair
follicles in densely hairy areas,
such as armpits & genital
regions
 In addition to water and salts,
apocrine sweat includes organic
compounds that make the sweat
thicker and subject to bacterial
decomposition and subsequent
Fig. 5.6
Appendages
 Sebaceous glands:
 glands which produces an oily
material called sebum, found in all
body parts except the palms &
soles
SKIN DISORDERS
 Albinism: genetic disorders that
affects the coloring of the skin, hair
and eyes
 Primarily due to inability of
melanocytes to produce melanin
 Vitiligo: melanocytes in certain
areas loss their ability to produce
melanin possibly due to
autoimmune reaction
ACN
E
 Acne : a result of over productive
sebacious glands which leads to
the formation of blackheads and
inflammation of the skin
 Burns
 Keloids : overproduction of scar
tissue
 Callus: thickened area of the skin
that results from constant
 The increase in melanin protects the DNA of
epidermal cells from UV rays damage and the
breakdown of folic acid, a nutrient necessary
for our health and well being:
 Too much melanin can interfere with the
production of Vitamin D which is important in
calcium absoption
 Thus, the amount of melanin present in our
skin is dependent on a balance between:
1. Available sunlight and folic acid destruction
2. Protection form UV light and Vitamin D
production

MOLES: larger masses of melanocytes:


although most are benign they should be
monitor for presence of malignancy & cancer

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