RENEWABLE ENERGY

TECHNOLOGIES
(PE-II]
Course
BY
DR.AHMAD SYED

22-09-2022
Introduction
• Wind energy is the kinetic energy
associated with movement of large
masses of air.
• These motions result from uneven heating
of atmosphere by the sun, creating
temperature, density and pressure
differences. It is estimated that 1 per cent
of all solar radiation falling on the face of
the earth is converted into kinetic energy
of the atmosphere, 30 per cent of which
occur in the lowest 1000 m of elevation.
Introduction
• It is thus an indirect form of solar energy. In
contrast to diurnal availability of direct solar
radiation, wind energy can be available
continuously throughout 24-hour day for much
longer periods, though it can vary to a great
extent including no-wind periods.
• It is a clean, cheap, and eco-friendly renewable
source. Main disadvantages are: it is a
dispersed, erratic and location-specific source.
Wind energy is harnessed as mechanical energy
with the help of wind turbine.
Introduction
• The mechanical energy thus obtained can either
be used as such to operate farm appliances,
water pumping, etc., or converted to electric
power and used locally or fed to a grid. A
generator coupled to wind turbine is known as
aero-generator.
 Lecture9
Learning objectives
After the class you will be able:
•Explain the basic principles of
wind power generation when the
turbine is replaced by a thin disk
•Quantify the maximum power
produced
•Explain the reason why turbine
with a large number of blades
does not necessarily produce more
power
•Explain the one reason why a
turbine faster does not necessarily
produce more power
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture9
WIND PHYSICS

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture9
Wind turbine

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 Lecture9
Conti..

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 Lecture9
THRUST-PRINCIPLE

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 Lecture9
AERODYANMICS

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 Lecture9
Conti..

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EFFECT OF A PLATE ON WIND Lecture10

FLOW
WHAT HAPPENS THE FLOW IN THE PRESENCE OF DISK?

µr= maximum, Force(T)=0

P=T.µr=0

IF THE DISK IS FREE TO MOVE IT DOES NOT EXTRACT THE FLOW ON DISK THEN THE WIND IS
UN-DISTRABED, SO NO ENERGY EXTRACTED FROM THE WIND

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture10
IF DISK FIXED

u T-force

P=T.µr=0 µr=0, T= maximum

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture10
Optimum power extracted
Power is maximum when the velocity of
the disk is 2/3 of the incoming wind speed

Cp=0.59=2/3*8/9

µ µr=2/3µ

P=Maximum
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture10
Conti….

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 Lecture10
WIND TURBINE COMPONENTS

• Blades
• Rotor hub and nacelle
• Tower
• Foundation

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture10
WHY 2/3 BLADES?

No.of blades increases then force on the rotor increases and velocity decreases
and
HIGHER NO.OF BLADES THEN HIGHER BLOCKAGE OF THE FLOW
finally at n-blades it act as solid disk

FOUR FIVE SIX

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture10
EFFECT OF THE ROTOR SPEED

THE HIGHER ROTATIONAL SPEED THE HIGHER BLOCKAGE OF THE

FLOW

THE WIND TURNIBE ROTATE FASTER IS NOT NECESSARY TO

PRODUCE MORE POWER

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

ROTATIONAL SPEED vs Lecture10

ROTOR SIZE
There is a limit to the rotational speed of the motor

TIP SPEED RATIO(TSR)=Ω.r/µ

TO KEEP CONT TSR, r is

increases and Ω is decreases at
given velocity

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

Conti..
 Aerodynamics principle of windLecture11
turbine

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EXPERIENCING LIFT AND DRAG Lecture11

FORCES • In a safe location on a private road, as a

passenger in the back seat of a car traveling at
about 50 km/h, hold your arm out of the
window with your hand flat, as in the
photograph.
• As you rotate your hand you will feel drag force
and, with the hand angled about 5° from the
horizontal you will sense your arm rising with
the lift force.
• The lift and drag forces on a smooth wing (see
diagram, Fig.8.11(b)) are similar, but far more
efficient!

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture11
Conti..

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 Lecture11
ANGLE OF ATTACK

Fig. 1.2. An increase in the angle of attack can cause a

wing to stall.
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 Lecture11
Bernoulli's Principle

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Conti..

V1>V2
P1<P2

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 Lecture11
Newton's Laws of Motion

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Conti..

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Conti..

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 Lecture11
ANGLE OF ATTACK

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 Wind Energy Conversion System Lecture11

(WECS)

Block diagram of a WECS

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Contribution of various sub-systems towards capital Lecture11

cost of wind turbine.

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Wind turbine types: Lecture11

There are No. of

available design for both
and each has certain
advantages and
disadvantages.
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Conti..
HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES (HAWT)
Lecture11

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Up wind turbine Lecture11

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Down wind turbine Lecture11

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 Lecture11
MERITS & DEMERITS OF HAWT

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 VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES Lecture11

(VAWT)

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Conti….

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Conti…

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 ADVATAEGS AND Lecture11

DISADVANTAGES(VAWT)

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The tip-speed ratio:

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

How to define tip speed

Dr.Ahmad Syed
Dr.Ahmad Syed
CONTI..

Dr.Ahmad Syed
Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture12

HAWT-AN OVERVIEW

Section through the Stall-controlled TW600 Wind Generator (600 kW Change-

pole Asynchronous Generator, 43 m Rotor Diameter, 50–70 m Hub Height)
CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed
 Lecture12

Conti..

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Conti..

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Conti..

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 Lecture12

Wind speed ranges

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 Lecture12

Conti..

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Conti..

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 Lecture12

Conti..

Generator Active Power and Power Coefficient against Wind

Speed for the 500-kW Enercon E-40 Wind Generator
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 Lecture12

Conti..

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture12

VAWT-AN OVERVIEW

Rotors with Vertical Axes

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 Lecture12

Conti..

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Conti..

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 Lecture12

CONTI..

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Conti..

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 Lecture13

Learning objectives

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 Lecture13

Power content of wind

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 Lecture13

Conti…

Table: Density of Air as a Function of the

Temperature, p = 1 bar = 1 bPa

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Conti…

Idealized Change of Wind Speed at a Wind Turbine

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 Lecture13

Conti…

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 Lecture13

Conti…
8

10

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 Lecture13

Conti….

11

12

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 Lecture13

Betz Limit or Betz' Law

 Lecture13

Conti..

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 Power Coefficient (Cp)
Lecture13

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 Lecture13
Power Coefficient CP as a Function of the Tip
Speed Ratio λ

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 Lecture13

Conti…

Fig. Power Coefficients and Approximations

using Third-degree Polynomials

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 Lecture13

Conti..
Table: Parameters for the Description of the
Power Coefficient Curves in above Figure.

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 Lecture13

Conti…

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture13
Power coefficient Cp as a function of tip-speed ratio
λ for a range of wind turbine types

CBIT(A),Dept of EEE Dr.Ahmad Syed

 Lecture13

SUMMARY

WIND POWER CONVERSION?

Significance of TIP speed
ratio (TSR) & power
coefficient(Cp)?