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Physical Science SHS 2.1 and 2.2

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Maria Jamaica Villanueva
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25 views28 pages

Physical Science SHS 2.1 and 2.2

Uploaded by

Maria Jamaica Villanueva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 2:

THE ATOMIC
THEORY
UNIT 2.1:

The Concept Of
Atom In Ancient
Times
Learn about It!
Learn about It!

The Subatomic Particles

● Protons – positively charged

● Electrons – negatively charged

● Neutrons – neutrally charged


Learn about It!

Early days of the Atomic Theory

● 5th Century BC

● Greek Philosophers hypothesized about the


composition of matter

● Some ideas were accepted than the others


Learn about It!

Democritus
• Everything is made up of
small indivisible particles
known as atomos.
• The word "atom" comes from
the Greek "atomos," but now
we understand that atoms are
not indivisible after all, but
made up of subatomic Democritus
(460 BC–370 BC)
Learn about It!

Leucippus
●Teacher of
Democritus

●Pioneer of the ideas


of composition and
change in matter
Leucippus
(5th century BCE)
Learn about It!

Atomism is a philosophical theory that


suggests that matter is made up of indivisible
particles called atomos (Greek for "uncuttable").
● Matter is composed of atomos and void.

● The atomos may combine to form clusters in the


void.

● Change can happen when some atoms collide with


each other in the void.
Learn about It!

But not everyone agreed...


• Aristotle thought the the idea of
the atom goes against ex nihilo
and it limits the power of the
gods.

• He insisted that matter can be


divided further and this
divisibility can be done by the
divine power of the gods. Aristotle
(384 – 322 BC)
Learn about It!

Atomism Revisited
● The idea of the atom was given importance during the
Renaissance.
● John Dalton formulated his Atomic Theory based on the
atomos.
● Other researches and experiments were conducted
afterwards.
UNIT 2.2:

Discovery of the
Subatomic Particles
Learn about It!

Modification of Democritus’ Atomic Model


● There are smaller subatomic particles.

● Two types of the smaller particles are charged.

● Two types of the smaller particles are found at the


center.

● The particles are very small and the atom is mostly


space.
Learn about It!

The Subatomic Particles

● Protons - positively charged and found at the nucleus.


Discovered by Ernest Rutherford.

● Neutrons - neutral and found at the nucleus.


Discovered by James Chadwick.

● Electrons - negatively charged and move around the


nucleus. Discovered by JJ Thomson.
Learn about It!

Dalton’s Solid Sphere Model


● The atom is indestructible.

● The atom is a solid particle.

● Atoms of the same element have the same


properties.

● The atom can combine to form compounds.


Learn about It!

Dalton’s Solid Sphere Model


Learn about It!

Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model

● The atom is divisible into charged particles.

● The atom is made of a massive mass with a positive


charge.

● Electrons are negatively charged particles that are


embedded on the body of the atom.
Learn about It!

Plum Pudding
Learn about It!

Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model


Learn about It!

Plum Pudding Model


• In J.J. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model,
which he proposed in 1904, there
were no neutrons because the
discovery of neutrons had not yet
been made at that time.
Learn about It!

Rutherford’s Nuclear Model


● The atom is composed of positive and negatively
charged particles.

● The nucleus is at the center of the atom and this is


where the mass of the atom is concentrated.
Learn about It!

Rutherford’s Nuclear Model


● Protons are the positively charged particles and are
found at the nucleus.

● Electrons are the smaller negatively charged particles


and they move around the nucleus.

● The atom is made up of mostly space.


Learn about It!

Rutherford’s Nuclear Model


Learn about It!

NO DEFINED ORBITS
• Rutherford’s model did not include the idea of electron
orbits (as we think of them today), like concentric
circular paths around the nucleus.
• Instead, he simply suggested that the electrons were
spread out around the nucleus, with no specific
rules for their motion, leaving the atom largely
undetailed in terms of electron arrangement.
Key Points

Scientific inquiries are very hard to answer in the


1 ancient era because of the lack of appropriate tools.

Ancient Greek philosophers were the first to suggest


2 the concept of the atom.

Democritus and Leucippus were the first Greek


3 scholars who believed in atomism and pioneered the
study of the composition of and changes in matter.
Key Points

According to atomism, nature is composed of two


4 basic principles: atom and void.

The idea of atomism was set aside because of the


5 ideas of prominent natural philosophers like Plato
about nature elements.

However, the Greeks’ concept of atoms and even


6 Aristotle’s arguments were rediscovered and revived
after being proven to be true.
Key Points

The development of the atomic structure started with


the idea presented by Democritus that all matter is
1 made up of small indivisible particles called atomos.
This idea is widely known in ancient Greece as
atomism.
A more precise description of the atom was presented
by John Dalton later on. In his solid sphere model,
2 he imagined an atom to be extremely small and
indivisible.
Key Points

JJ Thomson’s cathode ray tube experiment allowed


him to discover the electron. He then proposed the
3 plum pudding model where an atom is presented as
a uniform positively charged sphere embedded with
electrons.
The plum-pudding model of JJ Thomson was
challenged when a physicist named Ernest
4 Rutherford performed a gold foil experiment. The
results of his experiment lead to the discovery of the
nucleus, a dense central core with a positive charge.
Key Points

Ernest Rutherford then developed the nuclear model


5 of an atom, in which all the positive charges are in the
nucleus while the electrons are orbiting around it.

James Chadwick proved the existence of neutrons


which are neutral particles in the nucleus of the atom
6 by bombarding alpha particles on beryllium. His
discovery of neutrons solved the mystery on how
protons clump themselves together in the nucleus.

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