Analysis of Basic Construction Phases

of a Building

Presented by
18.02.01.066
19.01.01.023
19.01.01.001
19.02.01.039
CONTENTS
 Structure
 Super structure
 COLUMN  DOOR
Types column Types of door
Construction of RCC column  WINDOW
Types of window
 BEAM  FLOOR
Types of Beam Types of floor
Construction of RCC Beam  CELLING
 SLAB Types of celling
Types of slab  FACADE
Construction of slab Exterior facade
 STAIR  SANITARY SYSTEM
Construction of stair  ELECTRIC SYSTEM
 WALL
Types of wall
Construction of wall
 LINTEL
 PARAPET
 SHADING DEVICE
 Structural
Structure System
The 2 major components
of buildings:
• Substructure
Structure usually refers • Super structure
to any large man made
object permanently The substructure is the
fixed to earth surface part of the building that is
as a result of underneath the ground,
construction while the superstructure
is everything that is
above ground.
Fig: Building Structure
Super structure
• Superstructure is the upper part of a
building which is usually build above
the ground level to serve its different
purpose.
• It is made on the upper side of the base
line. This area includes any number of
floors in a larger or small building.
• Super structure holds the decoration
for attracting people and sometime
works as thermal controller of that
structure.
Super Structure

Door,
Column Lintel
Window

Electricity,
Beam Wall
Sanitary

Slab stair Finishing

Column
Columns are the vertical member that transfer
compressive load from a ceiling, roof, roof or roof
slab or beam to a floor or foundation.
Elements used in making columns
1.Cement 2.course aggregates 3. fine
aggregates 4.steel bar 5.water 6. shuttering

Cross sectional shape

Circular Square Rectangular Hexagonal Column

column column column
 Construction of RCC column

2. Column
1.Column Reinforcement Work
Layouts
• A rectangular column
Column layouts are must have at least 4
done by laying reinforcements at 4
rope in the grid corners.
lines and mark the
location of • Circular column should
columns. have minimum 6
Fig: Vertical Fig: Circular reinforcements
reinforcement reinforceme
Fig: column layout
nt
2. Column 2. Column
Reinforcement Reinforcement
Work
Work
• Ties
• columns have • Placements of
closed lateral Ties
• Normal Spacing =
ties spaced
Fig: Column Ties Fig: Ties placement s in mid span.
approximately
• Spacing near
uniformly
across the support joint =
column. s/2.
• Resist • Hooks
shear
• Used to resist
force and
bursting out expansion
• The hooks
effects
• 10 m, 12 mm shall be bent
Fig: Column Ties Fig: Hooks to 135 degree.
bars are used.
3. Column Formwork
4. Casting in Column
Must be leak proof, smooth inside and properly
aligned. • Concrete is casted in 2 lifts.

The starter should be cured for 1 or 2 days for • It should not be casted from more than 5
making it hard enough to fix the shuttering around feet high to avoid concrete segregation.
it.

Should be maintained 1.5” clear cover.

Fig: Casting
Fig: Column Formwork
4. Curing 5. Compaction & Removal of Formwork

• Provides water for hydration. • Compaction is done by vibrator.

• Increases the strength up to 2.5 times • Construction joints are provided for better bonding
• Done for 21 days. between new and old concrete.
• Gunny bags are used for curing. • Formwork is removed after 3 days.

Fig: Column Curing Fig: Compaction

Construction of RCC column

Column Layout Reinforcement work Column formwork

Curing Pouring Concrete

Beam

Beam is a horizontal member spanning an opening and

carrying a load that may be a brick or stone wall above the
opening, in which case the beam is often called a lintel. It
is a horizontal member spanning an opening and carrying
a load that may be a brick or stone wall above the
opening, in which case the beam is often called a lintel

Types of beam
It depends on how they are supported
•Cantilever
•Simply supported
•Overhanging
•Continuous
•Fixed ended
•Cantilever simply supported
 Construction of RCC Beam

2. Reinforcement
1.Formwork in Beam

A minimum of 0.2% bar is to

Form are molds to be provided for the
receive concrete in its compression in order to take
plastic form. It is care of the deflection.
actually temporary
structure. Extra tops are used in the
support joints.

Fig: Beam Formwork Fig: Beam Reinforcement

2. Beam • Beam
Reinforcement Reinforcement
Work Work
• Stirrup
• Hooks
• used to resist
• Alternate hook is
shear and agonal
provided.
tension stresses in
a beam.
• The hooks shall
be bent to 135
• Shall be minimum
degree.
size of 8mm in
case of lateral load
• Stirrup
resistance.
distribution is
dense near
support.
Fig: Beam Stirrup Fig: Beam Hooks
 3. Casting & Curing
• For small quantity of concrete volume we
generally depend on machine mix concrete
and filling the beam.
• Casting an curing are done simultaneously
for beam and slab.
• Casting of lower part is done earlier.

4. Formwork Removal
• Side of formwork is removed after 3 days.
• Bottom part is removed after 21 – 28 days.
Fig: Casting of Beam
Beam construction process

Erect the other side if the beam Pour the concrete into the
formwork & complete with formwork.
structure for extra support.
Slab
Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually horizontal in building floors, roofs, bridges,
and other types of structures
o It is a flat horizontal surface.
o It is supported by beam and column.
o It transfers load to the beam.

Different Types of concrete slabs in construction

Flat Slab Conventional Slab

 Construction of Slab

1. Formwork 2. Bending &

Binding Steel
The formwork should be as Bars
per IS: 14687 – 1999 to At the time of
retain concrete, formwork designing the slab, it
or centering and shuttering is considered that
is required, which provides concrete is strong in
the support to the wet compressive strength
concrete until it has gained but weak in tensile
sufficient strength to be self strength, so make the
supporting. structure safe against
Fig: Slab the tensile stress,
Fig: Slab Formwork Reinforcement steel bars are
provided..
2. Spacing of Steel Bars 3. Casting 4. Curing & Removal of
• In general 12 mm, 10 mm and 8 mm Arrange walking way on steel
Formwork
diameter steel bars are used in RCC bars by setting wooden plates to
slab according to the length of span get rid of any issue I steel bars. • After laying the RCC slab, it
of the slab and similarly spacing is Now, the cement concrete mix should be cure for 28 days
from 4” to 6” in the main bars and 6” should be placed according to for getting full strength.
to 8” in distribution bars. design. The mix should have • After 28 days, Formwork can
• Mainly 1.5” clear cover is been mixed mechanically and be removed.
maintained. vibrated after being placed on
• CC blocks are used. the slab.
Clear Cover

Sp a
cin
g
Fig: Casting Fig: Curing

Fig: Spacing of Steel Bars

Slab laying process :

Formwork Bending and binding steel bars

Laying of cement concrete

Spacing of steel bar
Stair
A concrete slab is a common
structural element of
modern buildings, consisting
of a flat, horizontal surface
made of cast concrete.
Steel-reinforced slabs,
typically between 100 and
500 mm thick, are most
often used to construct
floors and ceilings, while
thinner mud slabs may be
used for exterior paving
 Construction of Stair
1. Designing of 2. Foundation &
Concrete Compo Standard Support for
Stairs nent Dimension Concrete Stairs
Thread 9 – 9.25 Inch
If the plinth beam of
The factors that Riser 7.5 – 8.25 Inch building is present at the
influence the design of Width 3 Feet start of the stairs, then
stairs are height of the the reinforcement steels
floor, width of the Flight 30 – 45 bars can be connected to
stairs, risers depth, Angle Degree them which will transfer
thread width, thickness Fig: Foundation and the loads. If no plinth
of the stairs, angle of Fig: standard dimensions for Support for Concrete beam is found, then a
stairs components Stairs
the stairs, load applied small concrete foundation
on the stairs and many or size stone masonry is.
other aspects. constructed
3. Shuttering of
Stairs 4. Reinforcement
Bars Placing
Formwork may be the
horizontal or vertical 5. Building the
arrangement, made Form-work for
to keep concrete in Concrete
position until it gains Fig: Stair Shuttering Fig: Reinforcement Bar placing Stairs
desired strength and
shape. Shuttering is a 6. Steel
part of formwork. It is Reinforcement
a vertical temporary for Concrete
structure which is Stairs.
used to bring
concrete in the
desired shape. Or
Vertical formwork is Fig: Formwork Fig: Steel Reinforcement
known as shuttering.
 7. Pouring of Concrete for Concrete Stairs

8. Removal of Formwork

9. Curing of Stair

10. Finishing :

Once the formwork is

removed, the stairs can be
Fig: Casting Fig: Curing
finished in many ways as per
the requirement of the use. It
can just be finished using
trowel or float to give
concrete finish, cement tiles,
granite can be installed for
better appearance. Even
carpet or wood can also be
used to finish the stairs.
Fig: Removal of Formwork Fig: Finishing
Wall
A wall is a structure and a
surface that defines an area;
carries a load; provides
security, shelter, or
soundproofing; or, is
decorative. There are many
kinds of walls, including:
Walls in buildings that form
a fundamental part of the
superstructure or separate
interior rooms, sometimes
for fire safety.
Wall
Wall is a structural element used to divide or enclose, in
building construction, to form the periphery of a room or
a building. It also defines an area, carries load, provides
security, shelter or sound proofing or some times
decorative.

Types of Wall
In terms of their function, all walls are classified into
two types-

Load Bearing Wall

Part of the structure of the building. It holds the building up
Types of Load Bearing Wall

Precast Concrete Wall Engineering Brick Wall Stone Wall

Non load Bearing Wall

Only a partition that divides the various rooms of a building.
Load
Bearing
Wall
Fig: Pre-Cast Concrete wall Fig: Brick Masonry wall Fig: Stone wall Fig: Engineering Brick wall

Non
Load
Bearing
Wall
Fig: Cavity wall Fig: Perforated wall Fig: Partition wall Fig: Panel wall
 Wall construction
Step 01:
Start the Brick wall from the corners. Step 02:
Using String line, make a straight Prepare all the materials,
guideline at brick height between the and mix the mortar.
2 outside bricks.

Step 03: Step 04:

Lay the first course of bedding Create the brick pillars. At the
mortar along the string line. Starting point where pillars are going to
at one end, lay the first brick and tap start, place a brick side-on to the
slightly to ‘bed in’. ‘Butter up’ one end of the wall.
end of the next brick

Step 05: Step 06:

Cutting bricks. To make a cut, place Keep the pillars one course
the brick on its side, locate the ahead. Always build at least a
bolster at the split point and strike course higher on the pillars than
the head firmly with a club the rest of the wall.
hammer.
Step 07: Step 08:
Horizontal and vertical mortar Add a coping stone to finish when
joints should be 10mm thick. With reaching the top of the pillars.
standard bricks there should be Alternatively, create a pleasant effect
75mm from the top of each brick to at less cost by bedding bricks into the
the top of the one beneath. mortar on their sides.

Step 09: Step 10:

To finish the beds, use the
Adding a ‘soldier course’ is an
rounded edge of a brick jointer
attractive option to top the main
to scrape mortar into the joints.
part of a garden wall. Turn bricks
Start with the horizonal lines and
vertically lengthways and lay along
follow with the vertical
the full length.

Step 11:
Lastly, give the finished wall a
gentle brush over and clean up any
mortar that has fallen onto the floor
before it dries. You can use water to
wash cement away from the floor.
 Lintel
A lintel is a beam
placed across the
openings like doors,
windows etc. in
buildings to support
the load from the the
structure above.
The width of lintel
beam is equal to the
width of wall, and
the ends of it is built
into the wall. Lintels
are classified based
Fig: Lintel Construction
on their material of
construction.
Lintel

A lintel is a structural horizontal block that spans the space or

opening between two vertical supports
It can be a decorative architectural element, or a combined
ornamented structural item
It is often found over portals, doors, windows and fireplaces.

Parapet

•The parapet wall is one of the most important

parts of our house.
•It acts as a protective barrier that is constructed
at the end of the roof of the buildings and
balcony.
•The parapet wall plays a vital role in the safety
of the occupants.
Shading device
Sun Shading Devices 01.Horizontal
inhibit the solar screening
radiation (block, allow)
incident on a building
and are used either
internally or externally
or in between the
internal and the
02. vertical
external building space.
screening
They can be any
mechanical equipment
(like dynamic facades),
projections ,cantilevers,
louvres, fins or even
textiles. They can be
fixed, manual and 03.Egg crate
automatic moveable.

Fog :Types of shading device

 Door
• Door Frame
Verify & confirm the door location
• Door Shutter
Confirm the opening is Measure the width and
Door is a hinged or & the dimensions of rough opening plumb, level and square. height of the opening.
otherwise movable
barrier that allows
ingress into and egress
from an enclosure. The
created opening in the
wall is a doorway or
portal.
Lintel placed on the top of the door to Pre drill and fasten the treated. Done.
support the following brick wall
construct.

Fig :Installation method of door frames

Door
A door is a hinged or otherwise movable barrier that
allows ingress into and egress from an enclosure.
The created opening in the wall is a doorway or
portal. A door's essential and primary purpose is to
provide security by controlling access to the
doorway.

Timber Wood
Customarily, timber or wood as it is prevalently
known has been the mainstay for the manufacture
of doors.
 Battened & Ledged Doors
Battened and ledged doors are the easiest type of doors and
are being used for ages. Such doors comprise of vertical
wooden battens of the stature of the door with around 35 mm
thicknesses which are typically tongue and groove joint.

Framed & Paneled Doors

These kind of doors and windows are most usually
used in the houses. The frame for the door is made
of wood and the shutter panels with timber,
plywood, piece board, hardboard.
 Window
Clean the opening. Ensure Apply water resistant coating Measure and mark the Secure clips to the
Window is basically it is dry and free from dirt. to the masonry. Extend it into opening where the new window frame.
a opening in the the opening on 4 sides. window will be placed.

wall of a building for

the admission of
light and air.
windows are often
arranged also for
the purposes of
architectural
decoration. Done.

Fig : Installation method of aluminum

frames
Window
A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof, or vehicle that allows the passage of light and
may also allow the passage of sound and sometimes air. Modern windows are usually glazed
or covered in some other transparent or translucent material, a sash set in a frame in the
opening; the sash and frame are also referred to as a window.
TYPES OF WINDOWS

Awning Windows Casement Windows

Double-Hung and Single-Hung Windows Picture Windows

Floor
• The level base of a room.
• The lower inside surface of a hollow
structure (such as a cave or bodily
part)

Types of Flooring Materials

•Hardwood Flooring
•Laminate Flooring
•Vinyl or Linoleum
•Bamboo
•Cork
•Ceramic Tile Flooring
•Natural Stone Tile Flooring
•Carpet
Ceiling
A ceiling is an overhead interior surface that covers the
upper limits of a room. It is not generally considered a
structural element, but a finished surface concealing the
underside of the roof structure or the floor of a story
above

Types of Ceiling
This is the ceiling type commonly seen in home.
• Suspended ceiling
• Tray ceiling
• Coffered ceiling
• Cathedral ceiling
• Coved ceiling
• Shed ceiling
• Beam ceiling
Facade
Exterior Facade :
Exterior façade is mainly an envelope that separates the
accommodation inside from the outside.

Exterior façade are of many types. Some exterior

façade usually seen in Bangladesh is given below-
BRICK
CONCRETE
GLASS

Exterior wall consists of mainly -

WALL
DOOR
WINDOWS
CAVITY WALL
Brick Facade
• Masonry offers aesthetic appeal
• Impressive durability
• Requires minimal maintenance
• Resistant to fire, mould etc.

Concrete Facade
• Masonry offers aesthetic appeal
• Great durability
• Superior resistance to fire
Glass Facade
• Use of steel as load bearing
• Provides aesthetic appeal
• Great strength
 Vertical transport

A vertical transport equipment is the one that efficiently

moves people between floors of a building

Escalator Stairs Ramp

Lift
Sanitary
System

A sanitary sewer
system refers to a
complex network
of pipes and
pumps that is
both provided in a
building and
buried beneath
the street. Fig: Sanitary system of building
Electrical
System
An electrical system, within
the context of a building, is a
network of conductors and
equipment designed to carry,
distribute and convert
electrical power safely from
the point of delivery or
generation to the various
loads around the building that
consume the electrical
energy.
Fig: Electric system of building
Thank you