CEP10

Hydraulics
Engineering
Engr. Neil Graham Bhel P.
Garcia, RCE
Lesson 1 : INTRODUCTION
FLUID MECHANICS AND FLUID PROPERTIES

FLUID MECHANICS - the branch of applied

mechanics concerned with the statics and dynamics –
both liquid and gases. The analysis of the behavior of
fluids is based on the fundamental laws of mechanics
which relate continuity of mass and energy with force
and momentum together with the familiar solid
mechanics properties.
+ FLUID – any substance that flows or deforms
continuously when subjected to shearing forces.
Can be Liquid or Gas.
+ LIQUID – incompressible fluid, constant volume,
variable density.
+ GAS – compressible fluid, variable volume, variable
density
+ DENSITY (rho – quantity of matter contained in a
unit volume of substance.
+ WEIGHT (W) – the earth’s gravitational pull upon
a body and also known as the gravity force on the
body. The unit of Weight is the Newton denoted as
“N”
+ Mass (M or m) – the quantitative measure of the
amount of matter in a given body. The unit of Mass
is Kilogram, kg, in SI units
+ SPECIFIC WEIGHT (gamma, ) – the weight of a
fluid which is contained in a unit volume.
+ SPECIFIC VOLUME, (v) – the volume per unit
mass of the fluid
TYPES OF
DENSITY:
NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY

+ VISCOSITY – is the property of a fluid, due to

cohesion and interaction between molecules, which
offers resistance to shear deformation.
NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY

+ in a fluid, shear strain

(φ) increases for as long
as shear stress () is
applied. Therefore, the
fluid flows.
NEWTON’S
LAW OF
VISCOSITY
TYPES OF
VISCOSITY
Capillarity

Liquids have both both

cohesion and adhesion,
which are forms of molecular
attraction. Capillarity, rise or
fall of liquid in small
diameter tubes are due to
this attraction. Liquids, such
as water, which wet a
surface cause a capillary rise
Capillary
Rise or Fall
Surface Tension, δ

A liquid form an interface with a second liquid or gas.

The surface energy per unit area of interface is
known as surface tension or coefficient of surface
tension (N/m). Due to surface tension, pressure
changes occur across a curved surfaced. The
pressure difference between inside and outside of a
curved Δp (or p) is related to the radius of curvature and
surfaces as shown on the previous slide.
Bulk modulus of elasticity

The compressibility of a liquid Wherein :

is express by the bulk modulus B– Bulk modulus of
of elasticity K or EB as: elasticity
– change in pressure
B = - change in volume
E1

Carbon tetrachloride having a mass of 500 kg and a volume of

315 liters is placed in a container
a.) Determine the weight of Carbon tetrachloride in kN (4.905
kN)
b.) Determine the density in g/cc of carbon tetrachloride
(1.5873 g/cc)
c.) Determine the unit weight of carbon tetrachloride in
kN/m^3 (15.5714 kN/m^3)
E2

A certain liquid weighs 6.76 kN/m^3. Relative to

water at 20 degree Celsius wherein w = 9.79 kN/m^3
. Determine
a.) Density of the liquid in kg/m3 (690.5005
kg/m^3)
b.) Specific gravity of the liquid (0.6905)
c.) Specific volume of the liquid (1.4482 m^3/kg)
E3

A certain type of oil has a volume of 6.30 m^3 and

weighs 5010 kg. Determine
a.) Density of the oil in kg/m^3 (795.2381 kg/m^3)
b.) Specific weight of oil in kN/m^3 (7.8013
kN/m^3)
c.) Specific gravity (0.7952)
E4

What will be the density in kg/m^3 and specific

weight of water in kN/m^3 at a temperature 25
degree Celsius. Express your answer to 4 decimal
places. (997.5500 kg/m^3 , 9.7855 kN/m^3)
E5

A liquid at 4 degree Celsius has a relative density of

0.80, a kinematic viscosity of 2.3 centistoke
a.) determine the unit weight (7.848 kN/m^3)
b.) dynamic viscosity (1.84x10^-3 Pa-s)
E6

A 90 N rectangular solid block slides down a 30

degree inclined plane. The plane is lubricated by a 3
mm thick film of oil of relative density of 0.90 and a
viscosity of 8.0 poise. If the contact area is 0.3 m^2
determine the terminal velocity of the block (0.5625
m/s)
E7

. In the Fig., if the fluid is

glycerin at 20°C and the
width between plates is 6
mm, what shear stress
(in Pa) is required to
move the upper plate at
V =5.5 m/s? Note that
glycerin viscosity = 1.5 N
· s/m2 . (1380 Pa)
E8

The specific weight of water at ordinary pressure and

temperature is 62.4 lb/ft^3 . The specific gravity of
mercury is 13.56. a)Compute the density of water in
slug/ft^3 and the b) specific weight in pcf and c)
density in slug/ft^3 of mercury.
a) 1.938 slug/ft^3 b) 846.144 pcf c) 26.2778
slub/ft^3
E9

If the specific weight of a liquid is 52 lb/ft3 , what is

its density? (1.614 slug /ft^3 )
E10
The specific weight of glycerin is 78.6 lb/ft3.Compute
it’s a)density and b)specific gravity. C) What is its
specific weight in kN/m3 ?
a)2.4410 slug/ft^3
b)1.2596
c)12.3568 kN/m^3
E11

Determine the pressure increase required to reduce

the volume of water by 1.5%, if the bulk modulus of
elasticity is 2.2 x 10^9 Pa. (3.3x10^7 Pa)
E12

Assuming that the interstices in a clay are of size

equal to one tenth the mean diameter of the grain,
estimate the height to which that water will rise in
clay soil average grain diameter 0.05mm Assume
surface tension at air water interface is 0.073N/m
( 5.953 m )
E13

A clean tube of internal diameter 3 mm is immersed

in a liquid with a coefficient of surface tension 0.48
N/m. The angle of contact of the liquid with the glass
can be assumed to be 130 degree. The density of the
liquid is 13600 kg/^3. What would be the level of the
liquid in the tube relative to the free surface of the
liquid outside the tube. (-3.08mm)
HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING

+ FLUID STATICS – study of fluids at rest in stable

equilibrium.
+ HYDROSTATICS – the study of liquids at rest and
the forces exerted on them or by them.
PRINCIPLE:

+ There are no shear stresses

+ Pressure exists at every point in a static fluid
+ Pressure at a point is same in all directions
(Pascal’s Law).
+ Pressure acts normal to all boundary surfaces
+ Pressure varies with height or depth.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS

+ PRESSURE – force applied uniformly over a

surface
PRESSURE
MEASUREMENTS
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS

+ HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE –pressure acted by

liquid (gauge pressure) plus any pressure acting on
the surface of the liquid
+ General Idea – weights acts static liquid thus
creating pressure, assuming weight of air on liquid
surface is zero.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
PRESSURE VARIATION OF
DIFFERENT LIQUIDS
+ Pressure Head – the vertical height h of any liquid
of specific weight, L , which can be converted to a
gauge pressure P
PRESSURE VARIATION OF
DIFFERENT LIQUIDS
+ EQUIVALENT HEIGHT – height of another liquid
which gives the same amount of pressure as a
certain liquid Principle: two liquids with different
heights exert the same amount of pressure.
PRESSURE VARIATION OF
DIFFERENT LIQUIDS
+ MANOMETERS – devices used to measure pressure
+ A. PIEZOMETER COLUMN – vertical, open glass tube
+ B. U TUBE OPEN TYPE – U shaped glass tube, with one leg
open to atmosphere, partially filled with liquid of known
property called manometer liquid
+ C. U TUBE DIFFERENTIAL TYPE - both legs are exposed
to different pressures thus measuring pressure difference.
E14

Find the absolute pressure at a depth of 5m below

the surface of a liquid with a relative density of 0.85.
The barometer reading on the surfaces is 1.5 bar.
(193.68 kPa)
E15

Assuming specific weight of air to be constant at 12

N/m3, what is the approximate height of Mt.
Banahaw if a mercury barometer at the base of the
mountain reads 654 mm and at the same time
another mercury barometer at the top of the
mountain reads 480 mm? (1934.53m)
E16

A tank contains oil with s.g=0.80, gasoline with

s.g.=0.90 and sea water with s.g.=1.05. What is the
pressure at a depth of 1.20m if the depths of
theliquids are 0.50 m, 0.6m and 0.80 m respectively.
(10.2514 kPa)
E17

A pressure gage at elevation 10m at the side of a

tank containing a liquid reads 80 kPa. Another gage
at elevation 4m reads 120 kpa. Find the specific
gravity of the liquid. (0.68)
E18

Calculate the pressure

difference between the
air pipe and the water
pipe in Fig. 2.16 if H is
10 cm (12.8 kPa)
E19

Convert a pressure head of 15 m of water to (a)

meters of oil of specific gravity 0.75 and (b) meters
of mercury of specific gravity 13.6
a)20m
b)1.1029m
E20
A piezometer measures the
pressure in pipeline carrying
water. The piezometer reading
is 253 mm measured from the
centerline of the pipe. At this
point, what are the gauge
pressure and the absolute
pressure in N m-2 ? Take
atmospheric pressure as
equivalent of 10.3 m of water
absolute.
Pg = 2.4819 kPa
Pa =103.525 kPa
E21

An inclined piezometer measures the

pressure in pipeline carrying water.
The piezometer is inclined at an angle
of 30degree to the horizontal and has
an inclined reading of 330 mm. What
is the gauge pressure in the pipeline?
Pg = 1.6187 kPa
References

+ Reviewer on Fluid Mechanics by Ruben Dela Feunte,

Dindo Esplana, Enrico Dela Fuente and Alejandro
Tabalba
+ Fluid Mechanics by Bessavilla
+ Fluid Mechanics by D.I.T Gillesania
+ Hydraulics by J.D. Docog
+ Internet Sources
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