APA 7 Edition (Citation

th

and Referencing)
 APA citation is a
standardized method for
documenting sources used
in research, developed by
the American
Psychological
Association (APA).
 It is widely used in the
social sciences, education,
psychology, and other
disciplines to ensure clarity,
uniformity, and proper
acknowledgment of ideas
and research from others.
  In-Text Citations
Brief references are included within your
paper’s body to indicate the source of
information or ideas. Include the author's
last name and year of publication, e.g.,
2 Core (Smith, 2020). For direct quotes, add
Components page numbers, e.g., (Smith, 2020, p. 25).
of APA Style  Reference List
A comprehensive list of all sources cited,
organized alphabetically by author’s last
name. Includes detailed publication
information: author, year, title, and
source.
 Parenthetical Citation
 The citation information is placed at
the end of the sentence in
parentheses.
In-Text Citation  Format:(Author, Year)
 Example:
Research shows that mindfulness can reduce
stress levels (Smith, 2020).
 When to Use:
Parenthetical To support general
Citation claims without focusing
on the author.
 Narrative Citation
 The author's name is incorporated into
the sentence, and only the year (and
page number, if applicable) is placed
in parentheses.
 Format: Author (Year)

In-Text Citation
 Example:
Paraphrase:
 Smith (2020) found that mindfulness
significantly reduces stress levels.
Direct Quote:
 According to Smith (2020), "Mindfulness is a
powerful tool for mental health" (p. 25).
 When to Use:
 When you want to
emphasize the author’s role
Narrative
or the authority of the
Citation
source.
 When the author is integral
to the flow of the text.
Direct Comparison
Parenthetical Citation:
Stress levels can be reduced
through mindfulness (Smith,
2020).

Narrative Citation:
Smith (2020) emphasized that
mindfulness reduces stress levels.
 1 Two Authors
 Parenthetical: (Smith & Brown,
2021)
 Narrative: Smith and Brown
Citing Multiple (2021) argued that...
Authors  More Authors
Parenthetical: (Johnson et al.,
2023)
 Narrative: Johnson et al. (2023)
suggested that..
  On a page from an organizational or
government agency website, the
organization or government agency itself
is considered the author, unless otherwise
specified. The author of a webpage or
website may also be located on an “about
us” or acknowledgments page.
Organization
As Author Correct: National Institute of Mental Health.

Incorrect: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).

Incorrect: NIMH.

APA (2020)
  Use a serial comma (also called an
Oxford comma, Harvard comma, or series
comma) between elements in a series of
three or more items.
 Factors of personality include extraversion,
conscientiousness, openness to experience,
Commas and agreeableness, and neuroticism.
 If one or more items in the series already
Semicolons
contain a comma, use semicolons
between the items instead of commas.
 Subjective well-being is characterized by the
presence of positive affect, such as whether people
feel happy and peaceful; the absence of negative
affect, such as whether people feel angry or
bored; and a high level of life satisfaction.

APA (2020)
  Ingeneral, use words to
express numbers zero
through nine, and
use numerals to express
numbers 10 and above.
Numbers
 there were five nurses on duty
Expresses As
 the study had three conditions
Words
 students were in the third,
sixth, eighth, 10th, and 12th
grades

APA (2020)
 Case Example
Numbers that begin Fifty percent of the
a sentence, title, or students received the
heading (when intervention, and the
possible, reword the other 50% were part
sentence to avoid of a control condition.
Numbers beginning with a Twenty people
Expresses As number) enrolled in the class,
Words but 15 dropped out.
Common fractions one fifth of the class
two-thirds majority
Certain universally Twelve Apostles
accepted phrases Five Pillars of Islam

APA (2020)
  Ingeneral, use numerals to
express numbers 10 and
above, and use words to
express numbers zero
Numbers through nine.
Expresses As  there were 15 psychologists
Numerals
at the clinic
 the study had 40 participants
 students were in the third,
sixth, eighth, 10th, and 12th
grades
APA (2020)
 Case Example

Numbers that 5-mg dose

immediately 3 cm
precede a unit of
measurement
Numbers Statistical or multiplied by 2
Expresses As mathematical
functions
Numerals Fractions or 1.5
decimals 2.27
(except common
fractions)
Percentages 50%
75%–80%
APA (2020)
  Most abbreviations must be defined
(explained) in an APA Style paper
upon first use. However, it is also
important to consider overall level of
use of abbreviations in a paper to
ensure you are using neither too many
nor too few abbreviations.
Abbreviations Example:
Some Americans who suffer from
attention deficit disorder (ADD) are not
diagnosed as children.
Note:
Never begin a sentence with an
abbreviation. Write out the full words.
APA (2020)
  For Commonly Known Terms
Use abbreviations for terms, phrases,
or names that are widely recognized
When to Use within your field (e.g., DNA, NASA,
Abbreviation WHO).
s Example: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is
essential for genetic inheritance
.

APA (2020)
  For Repeated Terms
Abbreviate terms that are
long or complex and appear
multiple times in the paper.
Introduce the full term with
When to Use
the abbreviation the first time
Abbreviation
it appears.
s  Example: The World Health
Organization (WHO) conducted the
study.
Subsequent references: The WHO
report emphasized global health issues.
.
APA (2020)
  For Units of
Measurement
Use standard abbreviations
for scientific or
mathematical units (e.g., cm
When to Use
for centimeters, kg for
Abbreviation
kilograms).
s

 Example:The sample
weighed 5 kg.

. APA (2020)
  For Statistical Terms
Common statistical
abbreviations like SD
(standard deviation), ANOVA
When to Use (analysis of variance), or p-
Abbreviation value are acceptable when
s writing research papers.

 Example:The mean ± SD
was 25 ± 3 years.
APA (2020)
  When the full version of a
term first appears in
parenthetical text, place the
Abbreviations
abbreviation in square
Within
brackets after it. Do not
Parentheses
use nested parentheses.
Example:
(i.e., posttraumatic stress
disorder [PTSD])

APA (2020)
Capitalization
 Capitalize Do not capitalize
University of Florida a university
Science of Nursing a nursing course
Practice
Department of a psychology department,
Psychology, Department an English department
of English
President Washington president, vice president,
Capitalization chief executive officer,
Chart executive director,
manager
Dr. Kwak Kwak psychologist, psychiatrist,
counselor, social worker,
nurse, registered nurse,
advanced practice nurse,
nurse practitioner,
physician assistant
APA (2020)
Referencing
A list of references in research is a
comprehensive compilation of all the
sources that were cited or consulted
during the study.
 Thesesources provide credibility,
evidence, and context to your research.
 Contents of a Reference List
It includes:
1. Books
2. Journal articles
3. Websites
4. Conference papers
5. Theses and dissertations
6. Reports and technical papers
7. Audio-visual materials
8. Interviews or personal communications (if applicable and cited)
  Title:
Use “References” as the
heading (centered, bold).
 Alphabetical Order: List entries
alphabetically by the last name
of the first author.
Formatting  Hanging Indent: Use a hanging
Guidelines: indent (the second and
subsequent lines of each citation
are indented).
 Double Spacing: The entire
reference list should be double-
spaced
APA (2020)
 BOOKS
Format:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of

Reference List
the book. Publisher.
Entry
Examples Example:
Smith, J. (2020).
Understanding human
behavior. Pearson.
APA (2020)
 JOURNAL ARTICLE
Format:
 Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
(Year). Title of the article. Title of
Reference List the Journal, Volume(Issue), page
Entry range/number.
Examples https://doi.org/xxxx
Example:
 Johnson, K., & Lee, P. (2023).
Advances in memory research. Journal
of Cognitive Science, 45(3), 123–145.
https://doi.org/10.1234/jcogsc.v45i3.5
678
APA (2020)
 WEB PAGES
Format:
Reference List  Author, A. A. (Year, Month
Entry Day). Title of the webpage.
Examples Website name. URL
Example:
 National Institute of Health. (2023,
June 15). Mental health tips for
teenagers.
https://www.nih.gov/mental-health-tips
APA (2020)
 VIDEOS (You tube)
 Format:

Reference List Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (Year,

Entry Month Day). Title of the video
Examples [Video]. Platform. URL
 Example:
Khan Academy. (2022, April 10).
Introduction to algebra [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=abc123xyz
APA (2020)
 GOVERNMENT REPORT
Format:
 Authoring Agency. (Year).
Reference List
Entry Title of the report (Report
Examples No. xxx). Publisher. URL
Example:
 World Health Organization. (2021).
Global nutrition report 2021. WHO.
https://www.who.int/nutrition/report

APA (2020)
  Brown, R. (2021). The role of
environment in learning. In T. Green
(Ed.), Learning in modern times (pp.
45–60). Springer.
 Johnson, K., & Lee, P. (2023).
Advances in memory research. Journal
Sample of Cognitive Science, 45(3), 123–145.
https://doi.org/10.1234/jcogsc.v45i3.5
Reference List 678
 National Institute of Health. (2023,
June 15). Mental health tips for
teenagers.
https://www.nih.gov/mental-health-tips
 Smith, J. (2020). Understanding
human behavior. Pearson.
APA (2020)
  National Institute of Nursing Research. (2015). A
family’s
perspective: Pediatric palliative
care stories (NIH
Publication No. 15-NR-8018). U.S.
Government Department of
Health and Human Services, National
Agencies As Institutes of
Author Health. https://www.ninr.nih.gov/sites/
files/docs/
NINR_508c_FamilyStories_0.pdf

APA (2020)
 Here are some alternatives to "according to,"
"stated by," and "reported by":

 1. Indicating Agreement or Support

• As noted by...
• As highlighted in...
• As described in...
• As observed by...
• As mentioned in...
• As emphasized by...
• Based on the findings of...
• As corroborated by...
• Consistent with the findings of...
 Example:
As emphasized by Brown (2020), effective communication is key to organizational success.
 Here are some alternatives to "according to,"
"stated by," and "reported by":

 2. Introducing Evidence or Data

• As evidenced by...
• As demonstrated by...
• As presented in...
• As revealed by...
• As shown in...
• According to the analysis of...
• As detailed in...
• The data from... suggests that...
 Example:
As revealed by recent studies (Smith, 2021), climate change impacts are accelerating.
 Here are some alternatives to "according to,"
"stated by," and "reported by":

 3. Contrasting or Differentiating
• In contrast to the findings of...
• Unlike the results of...
• Contrary to what was stated in...
• On the other hand, ...
• However, as explained by...
 Example:
Contrary to the findings of Jones (2019), recent research highlights a
decline in literacy rates.
 Here are some alternatives to "according to,"
"stated by," and "reported by":

 4. Adding Further Information

• Furthermore, ...
• Additionally, ...
• Moreover, ...
• Likewise, ...
• Similarly, ...
 Example:
Similarly, Green (2022) reported that urban planning plays a
significant role in disaster resilience.
 Here are some alternatives to "according to,"
"stated by," and "reported by":

 5. Citing Studies with Time Relevance

• Recently, ...
• In a study conducted by...
• In recent years, ...
• A study published in... found that...
• Earlier research by...
 Example:
In a study conducted by Lopez and Garcia (2020), the role of
technology in education was thoroughly explored.
 Here are some alternatives to "according to,"
"stated by," and "reported by":

 6. Summarizing or Generalizing
• Overall, ...
• In summary, ...
• As a general consensus, ...
• It has been widely accepted that...
 Example:
Overall, research indicates that early interventions lead to better
outcomes (Clark, 2021).
Reference generator
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Research Design


 Identify the design of the study and
the method used and justify why this is
the most appropriate method for the
investigation
 Explain why the chosen design is
suitable for addressing the research
problem.
Example

 This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design

to examine the relationship between study habits and academic
performance among senior high school students. The design was
chosen because it allows for the systematic collection and analysis of
data to describe phenomena and identify relationships between
variables without manipulating them. A cross-sectional approach was
utilized, with data collected at a single point in time from 150
respondents using stratified random sampling. The descriptive-
correlational design aligns with the study's objectives of identifying
trends and understanding the interplay between study habits and
academic performance.
 Research Setting/ Locale

  The locale of the study section in research describes the setting or

location where the study was conducted.
 Include relevant details such as its geographical, demographic, or
organizational features.
 Explain why the location was chosen and how it relates to the research
objectives.
 Highlight any unique characteristics of the locale that make it significant for the
study.

Note: include the MAP

 Respondents of the Study

 1. Description of Respondents
Identify the group or population involved in the study. Include
details like:
• Age range
• Gender (if relevant)
• Educational level
• Occupation
• Specific characteristics (e.g., STEM students, teachers, residents in a
specific area).
 2. Inclusion Criteria
• Define the characteristics required for individuals to be
included in the study.
• Example:
*The study included students who were:
• Currently enrolled in the STEM strand,
• Willing to participate voluntarily, and
• Present during the data collection period.*
 3. Sampling Method
• Describe how respondents were selected. Mention the
sampling method used, such as:
• Random sampling (e.g., stratified, systematic)
• Non-random sampling (e.g., purposive, convenience sampling).
• Example:
The respondents were selected using stratified random
sampling to ensure representation across different grade
levels.
 4. Sample Size
• Provide the number of respondents and explain how the
sample size was determined. You may refer to statistical
tools, formulas, or literature.
• Example:
A total of 200 respondents were included in the study,
determined through Slovin's formula with a 95%
confidence level.
 Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study consisted of 150 senior high school students
enrolled in the STEM strand at three public high schools in Nueva Vizcaya.
The inclusion criteria required students to be currently enrolled in the
STEM strand, aged 16–18 years, and willing to participate in the research.
Students from other academic strands or those who declined to
participate were excluded. Stratified random sampling was employed to
ensure proportional representation from each grade level. The sample size
was determined using Slovin’s formula with a 5% margin of error.
Informed consent was obtained, and anonymity and confidentiality of the
respondents were strictly observed throughout the study.
 Data Gathering Tool

 1. Description of the Tool

• Clearly describe the data gathering instrument(s) used. Examples of common tools include:
• Survey Questionnaires
• Interview Guides
• Observation Checklists
• Tests or Quizzes
• Existing Records or Documents
• Provide details about:
• Structure (e.g., number of sections, type of questions).
• Type of data collected (e.g., quantitative or qualitative).
• Language or format.
 Example (Survey):The primary data gathering tool used was a self-
administered survey questionnaire. It consisted of three sections:
demographic information, study habits, and academic performance.
The questions were a mix of multiple-choice and Likert-scale items.
 Example (Interview):An interview guide was developed to explore
teachers’ perspectives on integrating technology in the classroom.
It included 10 open-ended questions covering themes such as
challenges, benefits, and strategies.
 2. Development of the Instrument
• Explain how the instrument was created or adapted.
• Was it designed by the researcher?
• Was it adapted from a previous study?
• Was it standardized or custom-made?
• Example:
The questionnaire was adapted from the study by Smith (2020), with
modifications to align with the research objectives. The interview
guide was developed based on literature review findings.
 3. Validation of the Instrument
• Describe how the tool was tested for reliability and validity, ensuring it measures
what it is intended to.
• Pilot testing (e.g., with a small sample).
• Expert validation (e.g., feedback from professionals in the field).
• Statistical tests (e.g., Cronbach’s alpha for reliability).
• Example:
The questionnaire was validated by three experts in educational research. Pilot
testing was conducted with 30 respondents, and a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.85
indicated high reliability.
 4. Scoring or Interpretation (if applicable)
• If the tool involves scales or scores, explain how
responses were scored or interpreted.
• Example:
Responses to the Likert-scale items were scored on a
scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Mean scores were calculated to assess the overall
attitudes of respondents.
 Data Gathering Tool
The primary tool for data collection was a self-administered survey
questionnaire, designed to gather both demographic and study-related data
from senior high school students. The questionnaire consisted of three
sections: (1) demographic information, (2) study habits, and (3) academic
performance. Items in sections two and three were measured using a 5-point
Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
The questionnaire was adapted from the study by Smith (2020) and revised
to align with the specific objectives of this research. Validation was
conducted by three educational research experts, and pilot testing with 30
students yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.87, indicating high reliability.
 Data Gathering Procedures

 Preparation Stage
• Describe the activities completed before data collection.
• Include:
• Securing Permissions: Explain how you obtained approval from relevant authorities (e.g., ethics
committee, school administration).
• Instrument Preparation: Mention the finalization, validation, and testing of your data collection
tools.
• Coordination with Respondents: State how you informed participants and secured their consent.
• Example:
Before data collection, permission was obtained from the school administration to conduct
the study among senior high school students. The survey questionnaire was finalized after
pilot testing and expert validation. Informed consent forms were distributed to
respondents, explaining the purpose of the study and ensuring confidentiality.
 2. Data Collection Stage
• Provide a detailed explanation of how the data was collected.
• Include:
• The duration of data collection.
• The method (e.g., surveys, interviews, observations).
• Specific procedures (e.g., online survey links, one-on-one
interviews).
• The roles of the researcher (e.g., facilitating surveys, observing
participants).
Example (Survey):The surveys were distributed during regular class hours
with the assistance of the class advisers. Respondents were given 20
minutes to complete the questionnaire, after which the forms were
collected. Data collection was completed over two weeks.
Example (Interview):The researcher conducted one-on-one interviews
with 10 participants in a quiet room to ensure privacy. Each interview
lasted approximately 30 minutes and was audio-recorded with
participants’ consent.
 3. Ethical Considerations
• Emphasize how ethical standards were maintained during data collection.
• Include:
• Informed consent.
• Anonymity and confidentiality.
• Voluntary participation and the right to withdraw.
• Example:
All respondents were informed about the purpose of the study and their
right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Personal data were
anonymized to protect their identities.
 Post-Collection Stage
• Explain what was done after data collection to prepare for analysis.
• Include:
• Organization of Data: How you stored and managed the collected data.
• Initial Cleaning: Removing incomplete or invalid responses.
• Example:
After data collection, all survey forms were checked for completeness.
Responses were encoded into a spreadsheet.
 Data Gathering Procedures
Permission was sought and granted from the school principal to conduct the study
among senior high school students. The survey questionnaire was validated by three experts
and pilot-tested with 30 students to ensure reliability. Informed consent forms were
distributed to all respondents, providing details about the study, the voluntary nature of
participation, and the assurance of confidentiality.
The survey questionnaires were administered during regular class hours with the
assistance of the class advisers. Each respondent was given 20 minutes to complete the
questionnaire. To avoid bias, the researcher provided minimal instructions and refrained
from influencing participants' responses. Data collection was completed within two weeks.
All completed questionnaires were reviewed for completeness, and invalid responses
were excluded. The data were encoded into a spreadsheet for analysis. Digital backups were
created and stored securely in a password-protected file to ensure data safety and
confidentiality.
 Statistical Treatment of Data

 Statistical Tools or Techniques Used

• Identify and describe the specific statistical methods employed for analyzing
the data.
• Common Statistical Tools:
• Descriptive Statistics: For summarizing data (e.g., mean, median, mode, standard
deviation, percentages).
• Inferential Statistics: For testing hypotheses or making predictions (e.g., t-tests,
ANOVA, chi-square tests, regression analysis).
• Correlation Analysis: This is used to determine relationships between variables.
• Non-parametric Tests: For data that do not meet assumptions of normality (e.g., Mann-
Whitney U test).
 Example (Descriptive and Inferential):
Descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard
deviation, were used to summarize the demographic
characteristics of respondents. Pearson correlation
was employed to determine the relationship between
study habits and academic performance.
 Justification of Statistical Methods
• Explain why the chosen statistical methods are
appropriate for the research objectives and data type.
• Example:
The Pearson correlation coefficient was used because
the study aimed to examine the strength and
direction of the relationship between two continuous
variables.
Example:
The statistical treatment of data involved both descriptive and inferential
techniques to address the research objectives effectively.
Descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard
deviation, were used to summarize the demographic characteristics of
respondents and their responses to the survey items. These measures
provided an overview of the data distribution and central tendencies.
Inferential statistics were employed to analyze the relationships between
variables. Pearson correlation was used to determine the strength and
direction of the relationship between study habits and academic performance