Lesson 7

E N G L I S H I - D E N T I S T R Y 2 0 2 2
Today’s session
Unit 3

• Prescribing treatment, giving

instructions and advice Next week:
• Imperatives and  Solemne 2 (Unit 2)
should

• Have to, must and should

Reading: Your guide to Oral Hygiene
Here’s what you can do to ensure a lifetime of healthy teeth and gums.

Brush regularly

Brush your teeth at least twice a day. Use a soft bristled toothbrush and use toothpaste
containing fluoride. Fluoride strengthens the teeth and prevents tooth decay.

Use floss

You should clean between your teeth using floss. Do this daily to prevent the build-up of plaque.

Use mouthwash

After eating bacteria accumulates in the mouth. This, in turn, can cause plaque. If plaque is not
removed, it combines with sugars and forms acids. This can cause tooth decay. Stop harmful
bacteria by using a good mouthwash.
 1. What is the purpose of the article?
a. To compare different types of toothbrush

b. To advise people in caring for their teeth

Now c. To compare the benefits of flossing and brushing

listening to d. To describe different types of bacteria in the mouth.

someone 2. According to the article, how often should you use floss?

reading
a. Once a day

b. Twice a day

the article c. After every meal

and d. Once a week

3. What is inferred about mouthwash in the article?

answer the a. It makes your teeth stronger

questions b. It kills bacteria in the mouth

c. It stops you from eating too much sugar

d. You can use it instead of brushing

Advice and Obligation
S H O U L D , M U S T A N D H AV E T O
Watch the following video
 Advice and obligation
We use have to / must / should + infinitive to talk about obligation, things
that are necessary to do, or to give advice about things that are a good idea
to do.

Must and have to are both used for obligation and are
often quite similar. They are both followed by the
infinitive.

I must go now.

I have to go now.
 Advice and obligation

Are must and have to exactly the same?

Almost. We often use must for more personal opinions about what it is
necessary to do, and have to for what somebody in authority has said it is
necessary to do.

I must remember to get a present for Daisy. (my opinion)

You have to look after their hair regularly. (dog experts say so)

Do you have to wear a tie for school? (asking about school rules)

Have to → when there’s an external obligation.

Must → when the obligation comes from the opinion of the
speaker.
 Advice and obligation

Which verb do people use more?

Have to is more frequent in conversation; must is used more in formal

writing, for example in written notices.

Passengers must fasten their seat-belts.

 Advice and obligation

Do they change in form for I, you, he, she,

etc.?

Have changes in the third person singular (he/she/it has); but must
doesn’t change. It’s a modal verb and modals don’t change.
 Advice and obligation

What about have (got) to? Is that correct?

Yes, we use both have (got) to, for obligation, and had better, for advice,
a lot in speaking.

You’ve (got) to be careful with a cat.

You'd better get something a bit quieter.

I'd better go – I mustn't miss the helicopter!

 Advice and obligation
There’s something very important about must and have to. The positive forms
are very similar in meaning, but the negative forms are completely different.

You mustn’t forget … (don’t forget - you have no choice)

If you don't like him, you don't have to see him again.

(there is no obligation to see him again, but you have a choice)

More examples:

In a non-smoking area you mustn’t smoke, but in a smoking area you don’t have to
smoke but you can if you want to.

You mustn’t wait here. (=it’s not allowed)

You don’t have to wait here. (=you can do it, but it’s not necessary)
 Advice and obligation
What is the difference between Should and
Must?

We use should for advice, or making suggestions, and must for strong advice.

You must go for a walk with the dog at least once a day.

Maybe you should go for a coffee or lunch and see how you feel?

You shouldn't leave it on the street.

Must or have to ?

Must only has a present form, so for all other verb forms (past, future, perfect

forms, infinitive, etc.) we need to use have to.

● You will have to come with me.

● We had to drive very fast.

We normally use have to for questions. Questions with must are not common.

● Do we have to sit here?

To sum up
 Exercises: Have to, must and
should
Put the phrases in the correct row.

Have to
1. Always get enough sleep before driving a car

2. Call the emergency services if you just have a cold

3. Use your mobile phone during an exam

4. Complete a lot of exams, study and training to be a doctor Mustn’t

5. Arrive at the airport early in case there are delays

6. Rest and drink lots of liquids if you have a cold.

7. Be 17 to drive a car in the UK.

8. Drive on the right side of the road in the UK - everyone drives on Should
the left!

9. Show your passport to get on a plane

Answers

Have to Musn’t Should

Show your passport to get Use your mobile phone Arrive at the airport early in
on a plane. during an exam. case there are delays

Be 17 to drive a car in the Drive on the right side of Always get enough sleep
UK. the road in the UK - before driving a car.
everyone drives on the left!
Complete a lot of exams, Rest and drink lots of liquids
study and training to be a Call the emergency services if you have a cold.
doctor if you just have a cold
Listening Activity 1
Listen to a conversation between a dentist and a patient. Mark the
following statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. _____ The man brushes his teeth three times a day.

2. _____ The woman suggests using mouthwash.

3. _____ The man doesn't have any floss at home.

Listening Activity 2
Listen again and complete the conversation.

• Dentist: You really need to pay more attention to (1) _______ _______.

• Patient: What do you mean?

• Dentist: There is a lot of plaque in your mouth. Do you (2) _______ _______?

• Patient: I brush on (3) _______ _______.

• Dentist: You should brush at least twice a day. Do you use (4) _______ _______ _______?

• Patient: No. I used to, but I stopped.

• Dentist: You need to start again. If you don't, you increase your chances of (5) _______ _______ and
tooth decay.

• Patient: OK, I'll get some at the (6) _______ today

Listening Activity 2
Listen again and complete the conversation.

• Dentist: You really need to pay more attention to (1) oral hygiene.

• Patient: What do you mean?

• Dentist: There is a lot of plaque in your mouth. Do you (2) brush daily?

• Patient: I brush on (3) most days.

• Dentist: You should brush at least twice a day. Do you use (4) floss or mouthwash?

• Patient: No. I used to, but I stopped.

• Dentist: You need to start again. If you don't, you increase your chances of (5) gum disease and
tooth decay.

• Patient: OK, I'll get some at the (6) drugstore today

Speaking Activity
• With a partner, prepare a conversation based on the previous listening.

• After you’ve prepared it, act it out. Then, switch roles.

Use language
such as:
Student A Student B
You are a dentist. Talk to You are a patient. Talk to You really need to
student B about: student A about your oral pay more
hygiene. attention to…
• How often he or she Do you use…?
brushes. If you don’t, ….
• If he or she uses floss or
mouthwash.
• What will happen if poor
oral hygiene continues.
Further practice
• For some extra practice do the activities in the following links:

• https://test-english.com/grammar-points/a2/have-to-dont-have-to-must-
mustnt/

• https://test-english.com/grammar-points/a2/should-shouldnt/

• https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b1/have-to-must-should/