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pulse code mod ch 3

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Tesfaye
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© © All Rights Reserved
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FEDERAL TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL INSTITUTE

FACULTY ELECTRICAL-ELECTRONICS AND IT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL-ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY

communication system II
ECTe 3032

Chapter: 3
pulse code modulation
Pulse Code Modulation
• Pulse-code modulation or PCM is known as a digital
pulse modulation technique.
• In PCM an analog signal or information is converted into
a binary sequence, i.e.,’ 1’s and ‘0’s.
• The output of a PCM resembles a binary sequence.
• PCM produces a series of numbers or digits instead of a
pulse train,. Each one of these digits, in binary code,
represent the approximate amplitude of the signal sample
at that instant.
• In Pulse Code Modulation, the message signal is
represented by a sequence of coded pulses.
• This message signal is achieved by representing the
signal in discrete form in both time and amplitude.

Figure.1 shows an example of PCM output with respect to instantaneous values of a given
sine wave.
Elements of a PCM System

• It consists of three main parts i.e. ,


1. Transmitter
2. channel/Transmission path
3. Receiver
The essential operation in the transmitter of a PCM
system are :
1. Sampling
2. Quantizing
3. Encoding
Low Pass Filter

• A low pass filter helps in removing the high-


frequency components included in the input of the
analog signal.
• These frequency components are higher than the
highest frequency of the message signal.
• Hence, a low pass filter is added in the pulse code
modulation technique to avoid aliasing of the
message signal.
Sampling
• Sampling is the process in which the modulating
signal is sampled at regular intervals and each
sample is proportional to the amplitude of the
modulating signal at the time of sampling.
• Sampling is also called Pulse Amplitude Modulation
(PAM).
Sampling Theorem:
•The sampling theorem states that the intelligence or
message signal can be reconstructed by an appropriate
low-pass filter when the sampling signal frequency (f s
or sampling rate) is greater than twice the maximum
message signal frequency (2fm(max)).
• When fs =2fm(max), fୱ is known as the Nyquist’s
sampling frequency or Nyquist’s sampling rate.
Quantize
• Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive
bits and confining the data.
• The sampled output when given to quantize, reduces
the redundant bits and compresses the value.

Encoder
• The digitization of analog signal is done by the
encoder. It designates each quantized level by a
binary code.
• The sampling done here is the sample-and-hold
process.
• These three sections will act as an analog to digital
Regenerative Repeater
• This section increases the signal strength.
• The output of the channel also has one regenerative
repeater circuit, to compensate the signal loss and
reconstruct the signal, and also to increase its
strength.
ANALOG PULSE MODULATION
• Pulse modulation is further divided into
analog and digital modulation.
• The analog modulation techniques are
mainly classified into
• Pulse Amplitude Modulation,
• Pulse Duration Modulation/Pulse Width
Modulation, and
• Pulse Position Modulation.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):
• Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is an
analog modulating scheme in which the
amplitude of the pulse carrier varies
proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of
the message signal.
• The pulse amplitude modulated signal, will
follow the amplitude of the original signal, as
the signal traces out the path of the whole
wave.
• In natural PAM, a signal sampled at the
Nyquist rate is reconstructed, by passing it
through an efficient Low Pass Frequency
Pulse Width Modulation
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Duration
Modulation (PDM) or Pulse Time Modulation
(PTM) is an analog modulating scheme in which
the duration or width or time of the pulse carrier
varies proportional to the instantaneous
amplitude of the message signal.
• The width of the pulse varies in this method, but
the amplitude of the signal remains constant.
• Amplitude limiters are used to make the
amplitude of the signal constant.
• These circuits clip off the amplitude, to a
desired level and hence the noise is limited.
• There are three variations of PWM. They
are −
• The leading edge of the pulse being
constant, the trailing edge varies
according to the message signal.
• The trailing edge of the pulse being
constant, the leading edge varies
according to the message signal.
• The center of the pulse being constant,
the leading edge and the trailing edge
varies according to the message signal.
Pulse Position Modulation

• Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) is an


analog modulating scheme in which the
amplitude and width of the pulses are kept
constant, while the position of each pulse,
with reference to the position of a reference
pulse varies according to the instantaneous
sampled value of the message signal.
• The transmitter has to send synchronizing
pulses (or simply sync pulses) to keep the
transmitter and receiver in synchronism.
These sync pulses help maintain the
position of the pulses.

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