DATA ANALYSIS

TECHNIQUES IN
QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
MARK NATHANIEL G. REVILLA
PUBLIC SCHOOLS DISTRICT SUPERVISOR

1
 SESSION
OBJECTIVES
Identify data analysis techniques
1 commonly used in quantitative and
qualitative research.
2 Differentiate the use of each data
analysis technique.
Compute for the value of
3 quantitative
techniques.
data
Apply the appropriate data
analysis

4 analysis technique to be used in

the given problem.
2
 Activity 1: Classifying Data
Analysis Techniques

1. Study the words that will be flashed

on the screen.
2. Classify the words under qualitative
and quantitative.
3. Post your answers.

3
GROUNDED PERCENT
THEORY AGE
MO FREQUE
DE NCY
VARIAN DISCOURSE
CE ANALYSIS
CONTENT ME
ANALYSIS AN
SPEARMAN PEARSO
RHO NR
4
 Questions for
Analysis
1. How did you find the activity?
2. Was it easy or difficult? Why or
Why not?
3. How were you able to classify
the words?
\

4. What helped you in classifying

the words? 5
 Quantitative Data
It used in describing a set of
Analysis
data. using…
This includes
Descripti frequency count,
ve percentage, measures of
Statistics central tendency (mean,
median and mode) and
measures of variability
(range, variance and
standard deviation). 6
 Quantitative Data Analysis
Measure of the
Techniques
number of times
Frequency
that an event or
counts
observation
occurs.
A part of a whole
Percentage expressed in
hundredths.
7
Quantitative Data Analysis
Techniques
The average of the
Mean
set of numbers.
The middle most
value when data
Median
are arranged
(increasing or
decreasing order). 8
Quantitative Data Analysis
Techniques
The value/s that
Mode appear/s most
often.
The difference
between the
Range largest and
smallest values in
a set of data. 9
 Quantitative Data Analysis
Techniques
The squared value
Variance of the standard
deviation.
The measure of
Standard the dispersion of
Deviation the set of data
from its mean.
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 Activity 2: Practice Makes Perfect
But Nobody’s Perfect 😉
1. A research data will be flashed on the
screen from a random survey on
demographic profile of eight (8)
respondents.
2. Study the data provided and answer
the questions to be flashed on the
screen.
3. Post your answers. 11
Respond Sex Age Height Weight Marital Total
ent Status Monthly
Expense
s
1 F 33 173 cm 72 kg Married Php 20,000

2 F 30 169 cm 65 kg Single Php 23,000

3 M 29 180 cm 82 kg Single Php 21,500

4 F 28 181 cm 90 kg Single Php 29,000

5 M 29 179 cm 88 kg Married Php 30,000

6 F 31 165 cm 57 kg Married Php 18,000

7 M 25 173 cm 72 kg Married Php 19,500

8 F 29 185 cm 87 kg Single Php 22,500

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 Answer the following
questions:
1. What is the highest monthly expense?
2. What is the average age of the respondents?
3. How many are single?
4. What is the sex of the tallest respondent?
5. What is the average height of the female
respondents?
13
 Let see your answers!
1. Php 30,000.00
2. 29
3. 4
4. 185 cm
5. 174.6

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Analysis 2: Practice Makes Perfect
But Nobody’s Perfect 😉
Processing Questions:
A. What did you use in
computing the gathered data?
B. How did you get the answer
in each question?
15
 What if you are asked…
1. Is there a significant difference
between the first and second
semester general average grade
of Grade 12 learners?
2. Is there a significant relationship
between the length and weight of
milkfish bangus (Chanos
chanos)?
16
 Quantitative Data
Data are analyzed from a sample
Analysis using…
to make inferences in the larger
collection of the population. The
Inferentia purpose is to answer or test the
l hypotheses. Hypothesis testing is,
Statistics thus, a procedure for making
rational decisions about the reality
of observed facts. A hypothesis
(plural hypotheses) is a proposed
explanation for a phenomenon. It
has two types: null and alternative17
To use the Parametric test, there
are some conditions that should be
met. The data must be normally
distributed and the level of
measurement must be either ratio
or interval data. However, Non-
parametric tests do not require
normality of the distribution, hence
can be used for ordinal or even
nominal data. 18
 Steps to follow in
Hypothesis Testing:
State the null and alternative
1 hypotheses. Is a denial of existence of
Null significant difference, effect or
relationship. This states that there
Hypothesis is no significant difference, effect
(H0) or relationship between or among
variables.
Is the affirmation of existence of
Alternative significant difference, effect or
Hypothesis (Ha relationship. This states that there
is a significant difference, effect or
or H1)
relationship between or among
variables
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 Steps to follow in
Hypothesis Testing:
2 Indicate the level of significance
and type of test.
 For social science/behavioural research, 0.05
level of significance should be considered.
 For physical/mathematical science research,
0.05 level of significance should be
considered.
 0.05 is the commonly used significance level
in accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis.

20
 Steps to follow in
Hypothesis Testing:
3 Determine the appropriate
statistical technique to be used.

PARAMETRIC TESTS
It measures the strengths and
direction of the linear
relationship of the two
Pearson r interval/ratio variables. . Do
not use this test when
correlating ordinal or nominal 21
 PARAMETRIC TESTS
t-test of dependent samples/
Paired-samples t-test/ one sample
t-test
t Test It determines whether the means of
A t-test is two dependent groups differ
done for significantly.
t-test of independent samples
30
It determines whether the means of
samples two independent groups differ
or less. significantly.
22
 PARAMETRIC TESTS
A z-test is a statistical test used to
z- determine whether two population means
test are different when the variances are known
and the sample size is large (>30).
It is the analysis of variance (ANOVA). This
is used in comparing the means of three or
f- more independent groups. One-way ANOVA
test is used when there is only one variable
involved. The two-way ANOVA is used when
two variables are involved.
23
 NON-PARAMETRIC
TESTSrelationship
It measures
Spearman between ordinal variables. This
rho test of correlation does not
require the stringent
It compares the expected or
assumption of normality.
theoretical frequencies of categories
from a population distribution to the
Chi-square observed, or actual frequencies from
test a distribution to determine whether
there is a difference between what
was expected and what was
24
 NON-PARAMETRIC
TESTS
Two-Sample Case

Median It is used to compare the median of

two independent samples. This is the
Test counterpart of the t-test under
Used to
parametric test.
compare Multi-Sample Case
medians This is a straightforward
of extension of the median test for
samples two independent samples.
25
 NON-PARAMETRIC
TESTS
It is used to compare 3 or more
independent groups. This is a
Kruskal-Wallis H- nonparametric test which does not
Test require normal distribution. This is
an alternative for the F-test (ANOVA)
in parametric test.

26
27
 Steps to follow in
IdentifyHypothesis
the approach Testing:
to be used in
4 decision making as to the use of critical
• Iforthe
(tabular) value p-value approach.
computed value is greater
than the critical (tabular) value, then
we reject the null hypothesis. It
Using critical means that the
value difference/relationship is significant.
approach in • If the computed value is lesser than
hypothesis or equal to the critical (tabular)
value, then we fail to reject the null
testing hypothesis. It means that the
difference/relationship is not
significant. 28
 Steps to follow in
Hypothesis Testing:
• If the p-value is less than or equal to
Using p-value the level of significance, then we
reject the null hypothesis. It means
method of that the difference/relationship is
hypothesis significant.
testing • If the p-value is greater than the
level of significance, then we fail to
reject the null hypothesis. It means
that the difference/relationship is
not significant.
5 Write conclusion.

29
 Type of Symb Decisio Significa
Approach to be used Type of Value
Value ol n for Ho nce

Computed Critical (tabular)

> Reject Significant
Using critical value in Value Value
hypothesis testing Computed Critical (tabular) Fail to Not
≤
Value Value reject Significant

p-value ≤ α Reject Significant

Using p-value in hypothesis
testing Fail to Not
p-value > α
reject Significant

30
 Activity 3: Let’s Compute

Test the relationship between the

length and weight of Milk fish
(Chanos chanos). Use 0.05 level of
significance. The p-value is ________.

31
Chanos Chanos Chanos
Length Weight Length Weight Length Weight
chanos chanos chanos
1 23 1.5 11 23 1.4 21 21 1
2 21 1.3 12 21 1.4 22 22 1.3
3 25 1.2 13 25 1.7 23 31 2
4 26 1 14 25 1.4 24 27 1.8
5 31 1.6 15 30 1.9 25 29 1.8
6 20 1.2 16 24 1.4 26 28 1.9
7 22 1.3 17 23 1.5 27 29 1.7
8 23 1.5 18 26 1.8 28 28 1.8
9 24 1.4 19 23 1.2 29 25 1.4
10 28 1.9 20 27 1.7 30 23 1.3

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33
 Activity 3: Let’s Compute
(continuation)
Test the significant difference of
the first and second semester
general average grade of the
Grade 12 learners. Use 0.05
level of significance. The p-value
is _________.
34
 First Second First Second First Second
Student Semest Semest Student Semest Semest Student Semest Semest
No. er er No. er er No. er er
Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade
1 78 81 11 83 85 21 80 79
2 89 91 12 78 82 22 83 80
3 78 80 13 79 77 23 85 86
4 82 81 14 88 83 24 82 88
5 83 82 15 82 80 25 84 85
6 81 85 16 86 88 26 81 87
7 80 82 17 85 85 27 86 80
8 83 82 18 80 79 28 80 82
9 85 84 19 78 79 29 84 85
10 80 82 20 78 79 30 84 88

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36
 Activity 4 : My Living
Experiences
Guide Questions:
1. What made you decide to teach in Senior
High School (SHS)?
2. What are the most significant experiences
you encountered in teaching Research in the
SHS? Why do you consider these experiences
significant?
3. What are your memorable experiences as a
research teacher? Why do you consider these
memorable?
37
 Analysis 4: Processing
Questions
1. What common themes do you
think will emerge if you will use the
questions provided in an interview?
2. What data analysis technique
would you use?
3. How would you analyze the data?
38
39
 Steps in Qualitative Data
As soon as data is collected it is critical that you
immediatelyAnalysis
process the information and record
Step 1 detailed notes.
These notes could include:
* Things that stuck out to you
* Time/date details
* Other observations
* Highlights from the interaction
It is important to do this while the interaction is still
fresh in your mind so that you can record your thoughts
and reactions as accurately as possible.
* It is helpful to make a reflection sheet
template that you carry with you and complete after
each interaction so that it is standardized across all
data collection points. 40
 Steps in Qualitative Data
Qualitative data analysis should
begin asAnalysis
soon as you begin collecting
Step 2 the first piece of information.

The moment the first pieces of data are

collected you should begin reviewing the
data and mentally processing it for themes
or patterns that were exhibited. It is
important to do this early so that you will
be focused on these patterns and themes
as they appear in subsequent data you
collect. 41
 Steps in Qualitative Data
Data Reduction
Analysis
Step 3 Qualitative studies generally produce
a wealth of data but not all of it is
meaningful. After data has been
collected, you will need to undergo a
data reduction process in order to
identify and focus in on what is
meaningful. This is the process of
reducing and transforming your raw
data. 42
 Steps in Qualitative Data
IdentifyingAnalysis
Meaningful Patterns and Themes
Step 4 In order for qualitative data to be analyzable it must
first be grouped into the meaningful patterns and/or
themes that you observed. This process is the core of
qualitative data analysis.
This process is generally conducted in two primary
ways:
* Content analysis
* Thematic analysis
The type of analysis is highly dependent on the nature
of the research questions and the type(s) of data you
collected. Sometimes a study will use one type of
analysis and other times, a study may use both types
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 Steps in Qualitative Data
Step 5 Data Analysis
Display
After identifying themes or
content patterns, assemble,
organize, and compress the data
into a display that facilitates
conclusion drawing. The display
can be a graphic, table/matrix, or
textual display.
44
 Steps in Qualitative Data
Step 6
Analysis
Conclusion Drawing and Verification
Conclusion drawing and verification are the final step in
qualitative data analysis.
To draw reasonable conclusions, you wili need to
(Krathwohl, 1998; Miles and Huberman, 1994; NSF,
1997):
* Step back and interpret what all of your
findings mean
* Determine how your findings help answer the
research question(s)
* Draw implications from your findings
To verify these conclusions, you must revisit the data
(multiple times) to confirm the conclusions that you
have drawn.
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Alternatives in Qualitative
Data Analysis
This refers to the process of
Content categorizing verbal or behavioral
Analysis
data to classify, summarize and
tabulate the data.
This method involves the reformulation
of stories presented by respondents by
Narrative taking in to account the context of each
Analysis case and different experiences of each
respondent. In other words, narrative
analysis is the revision of primary
qualitative data by researcher.
46
 Alternatives in Qualitative
Data Analysis
Discourse
A method of analysis of
Analysis naturally occurring talk and all
types of written text.
This is more advanced method
that consists of several stages
Framework
Analysis
such as familiarization,
identifying a thematic
framework, coding, charting,
mapping and interpretation. 47
Alternatives in Qualitative
The grounded theorist first
Data Analysis
summarizes observations into
conceptual categories and tests
the coherence of these
Grounded categories directly in the
Theory research setting with more
observations. Over time, as the
researcher refines and links the
conceptual categories, a theory
evolves (Glaser & Strauss 1967;
Huberman & Miles 1994:436). 48
 Alternatives in Qualitative
Data Analysis
This creates the possibility of
“observing” the social world through
Photo Voice photographs and films and of
interpreting the resulting images as
a “text”.

49
 Sample in Qualitative Data
Analysis

Uluöz, E., 2020. Opinions Of The Faculty Of Sport Sciences Students On The Changes In Education System
During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Research.. [online] Eric.ed.gov. Available at:
https://eric.ed.gov/?q=OPINIONS+SPORTS&id=EJ1263479 [Accessed 9 November 2020].

50
 Sample in Qualitative Data
Analysis

Uluöz, E., 2020. Opinions Of The Faculty Of Sport Sciences Students On The Changes In Education System
During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Research.. [online] Eric.ed.gov. Available at:
https://eric.ed.gov/?q=OPINIONS+SPORTS&id=EJ1263479 [Accessed 9 November 2020].

51
 Sample in Qualitative Data
Analysis

Uluöz, E., 2020. Opinions Of The Faculty Of Sport Sciences Students On The Changes In Education System
During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Research.. [online] Eric.ed.gov. Available at:
https://eric.ed.gov/?q=OPINIONS+SPORTS&id=EJ1263479 [Accessed 9 November 2020].

52
 APPLICATION 1: Test Me!

1. The facilitator will be flashing

research problems.
2. Brainstorm on what data analysis
technique should be used for the
problems.
3. Post your answers.
53
1. Profile of Grade 11 teachers in terms of age,
gender, civil status.
2. Teachers’ Perceptions on the implementation
of SHS using 3-point scale.
3 Academic Performance of Grade 12 Students
in Research 2.
4. Significant relationship between the first and
second semester grades of Grade-12 learners.
5. Significant difference between Pretest and
Posttest results in Mathematics. 54
Performance of Male and Female Students in
Statistics.
7 Number of absences that a SHS-student
incurred in a semester.
8. Scores in Statistics and Probability of a
Grade-12 Class.
9. Significant difference between the scores in
Statistics and Probability of the Grade-12
learners when grouped by sex.
10. Lived Experiences of Grade-12 students to 55
 ANSWERS
1. Age-Mean & SD; Gender & Civil Status-Frequency
counts & Percentage
2. Mean & SD
3. Mean & SD
4. Pearson r
5. t-test for dependent samples
6. t-test for independent samples
7. Frequency counts / Percentage
8. Mean / SD / Frequency counts / Percentage
9. t-test of independent samples
10. Content or thematic analysis 56
57
 THANK
YOU!
Any questions?
You can find me at
FB: Mark Natahaniel G. Revilla
E-mail: [email protected]

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